AP World History Foundations Flashcards

170943344	The Paleolithic Age	refers to about 12,000 BC. During this time people were nomadic.	0
170943345	The Neolithic Age	refers to the age from about 12,000 BC to about 8000 BC. It is during this time that people settled in communities and civilization began to emerge.	1
170943346	River Valley Civilizations	refers to about 3500 to 1500 BC. Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Shang China	2
170943347	Classical Civilizations	refers to about 1000 BC to 600 CE. The major civilizations to emerge were Zhou and Han China, Greece and Rome, and the Gupta Empire.	3
170943348	Culture: Mesopotamia	Cuneiform;Extensive trade with Egypt and the Indus Valley Epic of Gilgamesh Early use of bronze tools, chariots Advanced astronomy; math based on 60 Pessimistic view of world, perhaps due to irregular, unpredictable flooding of the rivers Polytheism - gods powerful and often cruel Kings powerful, but not divine	4
170943349	Politics: Mesopotamia	City-states and warrior kings Hammurabi's Code Competition among city states as well as frequent invasions led to less political stability than in Egypt	5
170943350	Social: Mesopotamia	Job specialization - farmers, metallurgist, merchants, craftsmen, political administrators, priests; Social classes; Marriage contracts, veils for women; women of upper classes less equal than lower class counterparts	6
170943351	Culture:Egypt	Concerned with decorative arts, shipbuilding, some medical knowledge Less advanced in math and astronomy than Mesopotamians Less extensive trade, especially in earlier eras Polytheism, with pharaoh as a god Optimistic view of life	7
170943352	Politics: Egypt	Divine kingship - the pharaoh; highly centralized, authoritarian government Generally stable government throughout the 3 kingdoms Extensive bureaucracy; pharaoh's power channeled through regional governors	8
170943353	Social: Egypt	Smaller nobility than Mesopotamia; fewer merchants Some social mobility through the bureaucracy Priests have high status (only ones who understand the complex hieroglyphic written language) Women - probably higher status than in Mesopotamia; love poetry indicates some importance placed on male/female relationships	9
170943354	Culture: Indus Valley	Writing system only recently decipherable Soapstone seals that indicate trade with both Mesopotamians and China pottery making with bulls and long-horned cattle a frequent motif Small figurines of women Cruder weapons than Mesopotamians - stone arrowheads, no swords Polytheism - naked man with horns the primary god; fertility goddesses Two cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Dara	10
170943355	Politics: Indus Valley	Assumed to be complex and thought to be centralized Limited information, but large granaries near the cities indicate centralized control	11
170943356	Social : Indus Valley	Priests have highest status, based on position as intermediaries between gods and people Differences in house sizes indicate strong class distinctions Statues reflects reverence for female reproductive function	12
170943357	Culture: Shang China	Oracles bones used to communicate with ancestors Pattern on bones formed basis for writing system; writing highly valued, complex pictorial language with 3000 characters by end of dynasty Uniform written language became bond among people who spoke many different languages Bronze weapons and tools, horse-drawn chariots Geographical separation from other civilizations, though probably traded with the Indus Valley	13
170943358	Politics: Shang China	Centralized government, power in the hands of the emperor Government preoccupied with flood control of the rivers Job specialization - bureaucrats, farmers, slaves	14
170943359	Social: Shang China	Social classes - warrior aristocrats, bureaucrats, farmers, slaves Patriarchal society; women as wives and concubines; women were sometimes shamans	15
170943360	Culture: Meso & South america	Olmecs in Mesoamerica: Highly developed astronomy; used to predict agricultural cycles and please the gods Polytheism; religious rituals important, shamans as healers Ritual ballgames Irrigation and drainage canals Giant carved stone heads; probably with religious significance	16
170943361	Politics:Meso & South america	Olmecs: apparently not united politically; unusual for ancient civilizations Chavin: probably political unification; public works operated by reciprocal labor obligations; had a capital city	17
170943362	Social: Meso & South america	Olmec: craft specializations; priests have highest status; most people were farmers Chavin: Priests have highest status; capital city dominated the hinterlands; most people were farmers	18
170943363	Agricultural societies	8,000 BCE cultivate crops; domestication of plants and animals iron tools writing systems constant development	19
170943364	Pastoral societies	8,000 BCE domesticated animals; domestication of horses and camels	20
170943365	Foraging societies	35,000 BCE hunting and gathering;baskets for gathering and storing and hunting tools	21
170943366	Classical Civilizations	Greece, Rome, Han China , India	22
170943367	Silk Road	This overland route extended from western China, across Central Asia, and finally to the Mediterranean area.	23
170943368	The Indian Ocean Trade	This important set of water routes became even more important in later eras, but the Indian Ocean Trade was actively in place during the classical era. The trade had three legs: one connected eastern Africa and the Middle East with India; another connected India to Southeast Asia; and the final one linked Southeast Asia to the Chinese port of Canton.	24
170943369	Saharan Trade	This route connected people that lived south of the Sahara to the Mediterranean and the Middle East	25
170943370	Sub-Saharan Trade	This trade connected to the Indian Ocean trade along the eastern coast of Africa, which in turn connected the people of sub-Saharan Africa to trade centers in Cairo and India	26
170943371	The Huns	The Huns were a nomadic people of Asia that began to migrate south and west during this time period.	27
170943372	Phoenicians	By about 2000 BCE this small group of seafaring people from a coastal area of the eastern Mediterranean Sea had set up colonies in North Africa and southern Europe.	28
170943373	Aryans	These herding peoples originated in the Caucasus area, but they began migrating in many directions about the mid 2nd millennium BCE. Waves of Aryan migrants invaded the Indian subcontinent, decimating the cities of the Indus Valley.	29
170943374	Germanic Peoples	found from the Black Sea to the Rhine. In 476, Odoacer, a Visigoth, officially became the leader of Rome.	30
170943375	Polytheism	belief in a number of deities that can be anthromorphic or related to the non-human world	31
170943376	Confucianism	Five Relationships Mandate of Heaven	32
170943377	Daoism	Yin-Yang, Dualism in Nature, People part of the balance in Nature	33
170943378	Hellenism	Greek philosophy; trade and common culture throughout Mediterranean science and technology developments at Alexandria -- Library	34
170943379	Hinduism	caste system multiple expressions of deities emphasis on ritual prayer sacred texts	35
170943380	Buddhism	Four Noble Truths Eight-Fold Path	36
170943381	Judaism	monotheistic, emphasis on daily prayer, sacred text -- Torah	37
170943382	Islam	monotheistic Mohammad as prophet Qu'ran, Sufi emphasis on saints Sunni, Sh'ia split	38