AP Quest Ch. 8 Flashcards

11754241	stateless societies	cultural groups in which authority is shared by lineages of equal power instead of being exercised by a central government.	0
11754242	maghrib	the Arabic term for western North African	1
11754243	Almoravids	a puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of Northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of savanna and westward into Spain	2
11754244	Almohads	another reformist group in 1130 among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Saharan Africa	3
11754245	Ethiopia	Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa	4
11754246	King Lalibela	built lots of churches in the kingdom of Lalibela, Ethiopian king who had Christian churches carved downward into mountains	5
11754247	Sahel	extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; a point of exchange between the forests to the south and north Africa	6
11754248	Sudanic states	often had a patriarch or council of elders of a particular family or group of lineages as leaders; states had a territorial core area in which the people were of the same linguistic or ethnic background; conquest states; rulers considered sacred and separated by rituals	7
11754249	Mali	centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers, was the creation of Manlike peoples; old forms of kingship were reinforced by Islam; rulers supported Islam by building mosques, attending public prayers, and supporting preachers	8
11754250	Juula	manlike merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout most of West Africa	9
11754251	Mansa Mansa	lord of African Empire of Mali; his caravan symbolized the wealthy potential of Africa	10
11754252	Ishak al-Sahili	this architect from Spain directed the building of several important mosques, and eventually a distinctive form of Sudanic architecture developed that made use of beaten clay	11
11754253	Sundiata	The Lion Prince; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260	12
11754254	griots	professional oral historians; advisors to the kings	13
11754255	Timbuktu	A great trading city that was originally at town. It became the center of knowledge for Muslim scholars; on Niger River	14
11754256	Songhay	Sucessor of Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	15
11754257	Muhammad the Great	Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century	16
11754258	Hausa states	States, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs	17
11754259	zenji	Arabic term for the people and coast of east Africa. --- areas where Chinese, India, etc. forms trading language called Swahilli "coastal language	18
11754260	East African trading ports	Urbaized commerical centers mixing African and Arab cultures, opened Africa up to Islamic as well as other influences	19
11754261	Ibn Batuta	Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records	20
11754262	Demographic transition	A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)	21
11754263	nok	a village in the forests of central Nigeria; inhabitants practiced agriculture & used iron tools; remain a mystery	22
11754264	Yoruba	West African people who formed several states southwest of the Niger River	23
11754265	Ife-Ife	city in Nigeria inhabited by Yoruba-speaking peoples' remarkable terra-cotta and bronze portrait heads of past rulers wereproduced in the period after 1200 CE; seen as the holiest city of the Yoruba	24
11754266	Benin	west african kingdom that flourished in the NIger Delta region from the 14th to the 17th century	25
11754267	Luba	modified the older system of village headmen to a form of divine kinship in which the ruler and his relatives were thought to have a special power that ensured fertility of people & crops in Katanga	26
11754268	Kongo	The powerful kingdom at the southern end of the Congo River in Africa that modeled its culture on it trading partner the Portuguese and converts to Christianity is	27
11754269	Zimbabwe	good trade connections, considered inferior but in fact very smart, known for complex stone houses and walls	28
11754270	Great Zimbabwe	the largest and most powerful of the Shona fortresses, became the center of the Shona state; 60 acres, a hilltop fortification with many rooms, Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa	29
11754271	Mwene Mutapa	title of a king in Great Zimbabwe	30
11754272	Islamization	helped link Muslim Africa w/ the outside world through trade, religion & politics	31
11754273	Bantu Migration	the movement of the bantu peoples southward throghout africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000	32
11754274	Ifriqiya	the Arabic term for Eastern North Africa	33
11754275	jihad	a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal	34
11754276	Axum	trading center, and powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia	35
11754277	Ghana	the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade	36
11754278	Sunni Ali Ber	1464-1492; a great tactical commander & ruthless leader; his cavalry expanded the borders of and seized the traditional trading cities of Timbuktu & Jenne; middle Niger valley fell under his control & he developed a system of provincial administration to mobilize recruits for the army & rule the far-flung conquests; he was Muslim; succeeded by the askia	37
11754279	caliph	the political and religious successor to Muhammad	38
11754280	matrilineal	based on or tracing descent through the female line	39
11754281	Sharia	the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed	40