Chapters 13-15 Flashcards

242379333	Taika reforms	Attempt to remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.	0
242379334	Heian	Japanese city later called Kyoto; built to escape influence of Buddhist monks.	1
242379335	Tale of Genji	Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society.	2
242379336	Fujiwara	Mid-9th-century Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.	3
242379337	Bushi	Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies.	4
242379338	Samurai	Mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor.	5
242379339	Seppuku	Ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor.	6
242379340	Bakufu	Military government established by the Minamoto after the Gumpei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai.	7
242379341	Shoguns	Military leaders of the bakufu.	8
242379342	Hojo	A warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated the Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor.	9
242379343	Ashikaga Takuaji	Member of Minamoto family; overthrew Kamakura regime and established Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino.	10
242379344	Daimyo	Warlord rulers of small states following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded ministates.	11
242379345	Choson	Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by the Han in 109 B.C.E.	12
242379346	Sinification	Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions.	13
242379347	Silla	Korean kingdom in the Southeast; became a vassal of the Tang and paid tribute; ruled Korea from 668.	14
242379348	Yi	Korean dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence.	15
242379349	Trung sisters	Leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 C.E.; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society.	16
242379350	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by Northern government at Hanoi.	17
242379351	Nguyen	Southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi.	18
242379352	Kami	Nature spirits of Japan.	19
242379353	Fujiwara	Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.	20
242379354	Minamoto	Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government in 12th-century Japan.	21
242379355	Tribute system	System in which people surrounding China sent emissaries who offered tribute to the Chinese emperor and acknowledged the superiority of the emperor and China.	22
242379356	Trinh	Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in South.	23
242379357	Chinggis Khan	Grandson of Kabul Khan; born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols' rise to world power; died 1227.	24
242379358	Tumens	Basic fighting units of Mongol forces; made up of 10,000 cavalrymen divided into smaller units.	25
242379359	Muhammad Shah II	Turkic ruler of Muslim Khwarazm; conquered by Mongols in 1220.	26
242379360	Karakorum	Capital of Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan.	27
242379361	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits.	28
242379362	Batu	Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of the Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236.	29
242379363	Ogedei	Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded him as Mongol khagan.	30
242379364	Golden Horde	One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries.	31
242379365	Prester John	A mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom supposedly had been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests; some thought he was Chinggis Khan.	32
242379366	Ilkhan khanate	One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid Empire.	33
242379367	Hulegu	Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad.	34
242379368	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars; defeated Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260.	35
242379369	Kubilai Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271.	36
242379370	Tatu	Mongol capital of Yuan dynasty; present-day Beijing.	37
242379371	Chabi	Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; demonstrated refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Confucian China.	38
242379372	Nestorians	Asian Christian sect; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions.	39
242379373	Romance of the West Chamber	Famous Chinese dramatic work written during the Yuan period.	40
242379374	White Lotus Society	Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty.	41
242379375	Ju Yuanzhang	Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty.	42
242379376	Timur-i Lang	Last major nomad leader; 14th-century Turkic ruler of Samarkand; launched attacks in Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405.	43
242379377	Khagan	Title of supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.	44
242379378	Khanates	Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.	45
242379379	Battle of Kulikova	Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde; helped break Mongol hold over Russia.	46
242379380	Baibars	(1223 - 1277) Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.	47
242379381	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	48
242379382	Ibn-Rushd (Averroës)	Iberian Muslim philosopher; studied Greek rationalism; ignored among Muslims but influential in Europe.	49
242379383	Ming Dynasty	Replaced Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China; restored civil service exam	50
242379384	Zhenghe	Muslim Chinese seaman; commanded expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean.	51
242379385	Black Death	14th-century bubonic plague; decimated populations in Asia and Europe.	52
242379386	Renaissance	Cultural and political elite movement beginning in Italy circa 1400; based on urban vitality and expanding commerce; produced literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the European Middle Ages.	53
242379387	Portugal, Castile, and Aragon	Regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda.	54
242379388	Francesco Petrarch	Italian author and humanist; a major literary figure of the Renaissance.	55
242379389	Vivaldi brothers	Genoese explorers who attempted to find a western route to the "Indies"; precursors of European thrust into southern Atlantic.	56
242379390	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer; first European to reach India by sea around Africa.	57
242379391	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince; sponsored Atlantic voyages; reflected the forces present in late postclassical Europe.	58
242379392	Ethnocentrism	Judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history.	59
242379393	Maoris	polynesian people in present day New Zealand	60