World History Unit 3 Chapters 6-10 Flashcards

235857953	What was the most significant culture that shaped the Arabian peninsula?	Bedouin	0
235857954	What is true about Bedouin society when it came to developing larger tribal groupings?	They were made up of mostly clans who needed to work together to survive	1
235857955	What were the leaders of the Bedouin clans called?	Shaykhs	2
235857956	What was the cause of most of the inter-clan violence?	Control of water and pasturage	3
235857957	What was the main problem of the inter-clan rivalries?	It weakened the Bedouin society within the Arabian peninsula	4
235857958	What clan was responsible for the foundation of Mecca?	Umayyad	5
235857959	How was Medina different from Mecca when it came to politics?	Jewish and Bedouin tribes were the main rulers	6
235857960	What was the status of women in Bedouin society prior to the introduction of Islam?	They enjoyed greater freedom and higher status then those within Byzantine and Persian empires	7
235857961	What was the nature of materinal culture of Bedouin society? Where was the exception to this?	There was little art or architecture and the chief focus of cultural creativity was oral pottery. The exception was in sedentary communities of the South.	8
235857962	How did the Umayyads respond, initially, to Muhammad's new faith?	They saw him as a threat to their wealth and power	9
235857963	. What were the major threats to the Umayyad's power?	The development of a new religion, the growing power of Medina, raids of their caravans, and disputes between rival families	10
235857964	What was the principle advantage of the Islamic concept of the ummah?	It went beyond old tribal boundaries and allowed for unification	11
235857965	How did Muhammad view the other monotheistic religions?	Accepted the validity of earlier Christian and Jewish revalations and reformed them to fit his own revelations.	12
235857966	What occurred as a result of Muhammad's death in 632?	Many of the tribes renounced Islam.	13
235857967	Who were the only ones to gain citizenship within the Umayyad Empire?	Muslim Arabs	14
235857968	What group did not revolt against the Abbasids?	Sunnis	15
235857969	What was al-Mahdi's attitude toward the Shi'as?	He appealed to the moderate factions	16
235857970	What trend was set by al-Rashid when it came to administration for Abbasid rulers?	They became heavily dependent on Persian advisors	17
235857971	What was the result of the civil wars following the death of al-Rashid?	Succession disputes led to the build up of personal armies, often of slave soldiers	18
235857972	What accounts for the disruption of the agricultural economy of the Abbasid Empire?	Spiraling taxation, the destruction of the irrigation works, and pillaging by mercenary armies led to destruction and abandonment of many villages.	19
235857973	What changes occurred during the Abbasid period with respect to women?	Establishment of the harem	20
235857974	Why did the Abbasids want more slaves?	Concubines and domestic service	21
235857975	What was the regional splinter dynasty that captured Baghdad in 945?	Buyids	22
235857976	What group successful captured Baghdad in 1055?	Seljuk Turks	23
235857977	What impact did the Seljuk conquest of Baghdad have on the Abbasid Empire?	They abandoned the Middle East for further conquests in the Indian subcontinent	24
235857978	What was the impact of the Crusades on the Christian West?	Christians adopted military techniques, words, scientific learning, and Arabic numerals among other things	25
235857979	What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam?	There was little impact on Islamic culture and society	26
235857980	What was the level of trade in the Abbasid Empire?	They focused on long distance trade with places like Africa and India	27
235857981	Why were the Sufis effective missionaries within the Indian subcontinent?	They shared similar ideas of those of Indian mystics	28
235857982	What groups in India were most likely to convert to Islam?	Buddhists and low-standing Hindus	29
235857983	What was the major difference between African civilizations and other post-classical societies?	African civilizations were built somewhat less clearly on prior precedent than was the case in other post-classical societies	30
235857984	What is true about the political and religious universality (all over) in Africa?	There were no universal religions or states within post-classical Africa. But Christianity and Islam did find some success on the continent	31
235857985	What were African societies which were organized around kinship and lacked political concentration called?	Stateless	32
235857986	. What was the function of secret societies in African culture?	Their membership cut across lineage divisions, they acted to maintain stability within the community and diminish clan feuds	33
235857987	What region of Africa was first converted to Islam by 700 CE?	North Africa	34
235857988	What was the most important Christian kingdom in Africa?	Ethopia	35
235857989	Sudanic states had territorial core areas in which the people were of the same ethinic background, but their power extended over subordinate communities...this is true for what two sudanic states?	Mali and songhay	36
235857990	What was the social and political function of the griots?	Griots mastered the oral traditions of the Malinke and by knowing the past were considered excellent advisors of kings.	37
235857991	What was the reason for the downfall of the Songhay?	nvasion of Moroccan Muslim army equipped with firearms followed by internal revolts	38
235857992	What was the relationship between Islam and the indigenous religions of Africa?	Islam was able to accommodate pagan practices and beliefs in the early stages of conversion.	39
235857993	What was the most important "stepchild" or region of the Byzantine civilization?	Russia	40
235857994	What was the difference between the spread of civilizations in eastern and western Europe?	Different versions of Christianity, culturally as well as organizationally separate.	41
235857995	The capital of the Byzantine Empire and its commercial center was where?	Constantinople	42
235857996	What was the difference in the military organization of Byzantine and western Roman empires?	The Byzantine Empire recruited armies from the Middle East.	43
235857997	What eastern emperor was responsible for the attempted restoration of a unified Roman Empire after 533?	Justinian	44
235857998	What were the outcomes of Justinian's wars of reconquest?	Increased tax pressures, short-lived military success in Africa and Italy, weakening of the empire's defenses on its eastern frontiers, establishment of a temporary capital at the key artistic center at Ravenna	45
235857999	What was the technological innovation that aided the Byzantine Empire in withstanding the Muslim siege of Constantinople in 717?	Greek fire	46
235858000	What was the result of the conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslims?	The position of small farmers in the empire was weakened as a result of heavy taxation, resulting in greater aristocratic estates	47
235858001	In what way was the Byzantine bureaucracy and the Chinese bureaucracy similar?	Both bureaucracies were open to talented commoners, not just aristocrats	48
235858002	What is true about urbanization within the Byzantine Empire?	Constantinople controlled the economy and grew to enormous size, but other cities were relatively small	49
235858003	The post classical period in Western History between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century is referred to as the....	Middle Ages	50
235858004	What can be said about the intellectual activity of medieval West prior to the 8th century?	With the few literate people concentrated in monasteries, little was achieved other than copying manuscripts	51
235858005	. What was the three-field system?	It was a three-field rotation which added acres to production by leaving only a third of the land unplanted	52
235858006	. What belief did the conversion of Germanic kings create among Western religious leaders, particularly the pope?	That the church was superior to the secular rulers	53
235858007	What was the impact of the improved economy after the 10th century of the social system of western Europe?	The increased pace of economic life created a less rigid structure	54
235858008	How did feudalism impact the development of politics during the middle ages?	It inhibited the development of a strong central state; some kings were able to use feudalism to build their own power.	55
235858009	How did the introduction of the feudal monarchy into England compare to the political experience of France?	English feudal monarchy was introduced abruptly following 1066, while the French feudal monarchy developed more slowly	56
235858010	In what way was the educational system of medieval west different from that of China?	The universities were not tied into a single bureaucratic system	57
235858011	During the 11th century, what new architectural style featuring pointed arches and flying buttresses became dominant in western Europe?	Gothic	58
235858012	What was the major outcome of the 100 years war during the 14th and 15th centuries?	Kings reduced their reliance on feudal forces in favor of paid armies	59