Chapter 25 Vocabulary Flashcards

151471583	General Antonio López de Santa Anna	Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854	0
151471584	Argentine Republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists	1
151471585	Augustín de Iturbide	Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824	2
151471586	Benito Juárez	Indian governor of state of Oaxcaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872	3
151471587	caudillos	Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America	4
151471588	centralists	Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives	5
151471589	cientificos	Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization	6
151471590	dependency theory	Belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process; that development and growth of some areas such as Western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions such as Latin America	7
151471591	Domingo F. Sarmiento	Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation	8
151471592	Fazendas	Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil	9
151471593	Federalists	Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals	10
151471594	gauchos	Bands of mounted rural workers in the region of the Rio de la Plata; aided local caudillos in splitting apart the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata after 1816	11
151471595	Gran Colombia	Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations	12
151471596	guano	Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to Indian tribute and abolition of slavery	13
151471597	Dom João VI	Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro	14
151471598	José de San Martin	Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well	15
151471599	Dr. José Rodríguez de Francia	Ruler of independent Paraguay; ruled country as dictator until 1840	16
151471600	Juan Manuel de Rosas	Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy	17
151471601	La Reforma	The name given to the liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna	18
151471602	manifest destiny	Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War	19
151471603	mask of Ferdinand	Term given to movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the displaced Bourbon king of Spain, Ferdinand VII; actually Creole movements for independence	20
151471604	Archduke Maximilian von Habsburg	Proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867	21
151471605	Father Miguel de HIdalgo	Mexican priest who established independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed	22
151471606	modernization theory	The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed; used as a blueprint for development in Latin America	23
151471607	Monroe Doctrine	American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade	24
151471608	Panama Canal	An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914	25
151471609	Dom Pedro I	Son and successor of Dom João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil	26
151471610	Porfirio Díaz	One of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government	27
151471611	positivism	French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence	28
151471612	Simon Bolívar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia	29
151471613	Spanish-American War	War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines	30
151471614	Toussaint L'Overture	Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804	31
151471615	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America	32