Religious Traditions and Belief Systems Flashcards

165314501	polytheism	the worship of more than one deity, oldest forms involving the veneration of spirits	0
165314502	totemism	identificationn of the self with animal symbols	1
165314503	shamanism	a belief in spirit worlds, common in Central Asia, Siberia, and the Americas	2
165314504	"dreamtime"	spiritual concept peculiar to the Australian aborigines	3
165314505	Shinto	native to Japan, veneration of spirits and a sun goddess	4
165314506	animism	a worship of life forces, prevalent in Africa, the Pacific islands, and partsof Asia	5
165314507	monotheism	worship of a single god or goddess	6
165314508	Zoroastrianism	religious founded in ancient Persia by the priest Zoroaster in 500s BCE based on his collection of texts called the Avestas.	7
165314509	Ahura Mazda	"wise lord" of Zoroastrianism, proposed for monotheism by Zoroaster	8
165314510	Ahriman	enemy of Ahura Mazda, the god of darkness	9
165314511	up to the 600s CE, Islamic missionary efforts drove it out	When did Zoroastrianism flourish in Persia?	10
165314512	Hebrews	people enslaved in Egypt who eventually became the community known as Israel; also known as Jews; Moses was their leader	11
165314513	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.	12
165314514	Abraham	patriarch of the Sumerian city of Ur, the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac	13
165314515	Moses	prophet of Hebrew tradition	14
165314516	Passover	most important holiday in Jewish fate, where the exodus of Moses is remembered	15
165314517	Ten Commandments	principles of Jewish law, handed down by Moses from YHWH on Mount Sinai	16
165314518	Torah	the first five books in Hebrew scriptures (The Tanakh)	17
165314519	David and Solomon	David established the capital of Jerusalem. He was a favorite of the people and was anointed as the second king. Solomon was David's son. Builds a temple in Jerusalem for David. First king during time of peace. Kingdom was divided after Solomon's reign.	18
165314520	diaspora	The dispersal of the Jews from their homeland in Palestine - especially during the period of more than 1,800 years that followed the Romans' destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in A.D. 170.	19
165314521	Talmud	main collection of Jewish laws, following a retributive set of principles	20
165314522	Hinduism	an extremely complex, polytheistic faith born in India, one of the oldest, a synthesis of many traditions.	21
165314523	Vedism	the foundation of Hinduism, the core of it being the Vedas texts of the Aryan scriptures from 1500 BCE in written form	22
165314524	Law of Manu	compiled between 200 BCE and 200 CE, best known for its support of the caste system	23
165314525	Bhagavad-Gita	Song of the Lord, a poetic dialogue between the young prince Arjuna and the demigod Krishna, who lectures Arjuna on the concept of moral duty, part of the Mahabhrata, a grand epic of 90,000 stanzas	24
165314526	samsara	wheel of life in Hindu tradition, undergoing cycles of life, death, and rebirth	25
165314527	reincarnation	where spiritual perfection is attained gradually though cycles of samsara	26
165314528	karma	law of deeds, a person's actions in one life will have consequences in a future life	27
165314529	dharma	moral duty	28
165314530	moshka	release from samsara, liberation from the cycle of life and death	29
165314531	atman	human soul	30
165314532	Brahman	world soul	31
165314533	Vedic scriptures	placed great value on ritual obedience to the gods and priestly classes in achieving union with the Brahman	32
165314534	Mahadevi Shakti	great mother goddess of Hinduism	33
165314535	sati ritual	form of female subservience where wives were required to throw themselves on the funeral pyres of their dead husbands, committing suicide	34
165314536	Buddhism	a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire	35
165314537	Siddhartha Guatama	founder of Buddhism	36
165314538	Four Noble Truths	1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path	37
165314539	Eightfold Path	right views, right thought, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right endeavor, right awareness, and right contemplation. seen as the "middle way"	38
165314540	Five Moral Rules	Do not kill any living being, do not take what is not given to you, do not speak falsely, do not drink intoxicating drinks, do not be unchaste	39
165314541	nirvana	liberation from samsara, leading to a state of superconsciousness in which one's self is dissolved into the all-encompassing life spirit that transcends life and place	40
165314542	Mahayana Buddhism	Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.	41
165314543	Theravada Buddhism	one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts	42
165314544	Laozi	founder of Daoism	43
165314545	Daoism	philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events	44
165314546	Tao-te Ching	the central text of Daoism.	45
165314547	dao	"the way," or "the path"	46
165314548	I-Ching	"the Book of Changes", Daoist path used in reading the future	47
165314549	yin-yang	symbol of Daoism, whose black and white halves are divided by a double curved line, illustrating that nothing is absolute, and that opposites flow into each other	48
165314550	Confucius (551-479 BCE)	founder of Confucianism	49
165314551	Confucianism	The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.	50
165314552	The Analects	Collecting writings of Confucius' teachings recorded by his students.	51
165314553	Mandate of Heaven	moral justification for his authority	52
165314554	filial piety	in Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors	53
165314555	Christianity	a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior	54
165314556	Judeo-Christian tradition	a mix of Judaism & Christianity. foundation of western civilization. moral and ethical principle guide all decision making. "all equal before the eyes of God."	55
165314557	Jesus of Nazareth (4 BCE - 29 CE)	founder of Christianity	56
165314558	YHWH	God of Judaism, Yahweh	57
165314559	Sermon on the mount	a part of the Gospel according to Matthew in which Jesus preaches important moral teachings including the Beatitudes	58
165314560	Golden Rule	"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you", by Jesus	59
165314561	Paul, Peter	Spread word after Jesus's death, crucified, peter put on cross upside down	60
165314562	Edict of Milan, 313CE	granted legal status to Christianity by the emperor Constantine in the Roman Empire	61
165314563	Bible	The book that contains the writings or scriptures that Christians recognize as the written word of God.	62
165314564	Eastern Orthodoxy	faith of the byzantine empire	63
165314565	roman catholicism	favored form of christianity in western europe	64
165314566	Islam	the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran	65
165314567	Mohammed	founder of Islam	66
165314568	570-610 CE	When was Islam founded?	67
165314569	Allah	Arabic for God, God of Islam	68
165314570	"people of the book"	the name for Jews and Christians for whom the Muslims had religious tolerance; called this because each religion had a holy book with teachings similar to that of the Qur'an	69
165314571	Pillars of Faith	5 duties that muslims must follow, belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage	70
165314572	Qur'an	the holy book of Islam	71
165314573	Sharia	codification of traditional Islamic law	72
165314574	umma	political and social community of Muslims	73
165314575	caliph	"successor", both a political and religious leader	74
165314576	Aby Bakr	first caliph, Mohammed's father in law	75
165314577	Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE)	Centered at Damascus, Islamic caliphate	76
165314578	Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE)	centered at Baghdad, Islamic caliphate, its zenith came at the first 300 years of this between 750 and 1050 CE	77
165314579	Sunni	a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad	78
165314580	Shiites	Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph	79