Unit 2: Europe Flashcards

12468995	parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France	0
12468996	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy	1
12468997	middle ages	the period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century	2
12468998	magna carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy	3
12468999	holy Roman emperors	emperors in northern Italy and Germany following the split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany	4
12469000	vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th the the 11th centuries	5
12469001	Urban II	called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims	6
12469002	serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages	7
12469003	Charlemagne	Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800	8
12469004	guilds	sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities	9
12469005	vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty	10
12469006	gothic	an architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls	11
12469007	manorialism	system that described the economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land	12
12469008	Cyril	along with Methodius, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted souther Russians and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic	13
12469009	Clovis	early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom	14
12469010	Black Death	plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure	15
12469011	Hagia Sophia	new church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian	16
12469012	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states	17
12469013	greek fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople	18
12469014	icons	images of religious figures that became objects of veneration within Christianity of hte Byzantine Empire; particularly prevalent in eastern monasticism	19
12469015	Vladimir I	Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity	20
12469016	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	21
12469017	boyars	russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe	22
12469018	Russian Orthodoxy	russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments	23
12469019	three field system	system of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow	24