Chapter 18: Toward a New World View Flashcards

For all of the annoying people who like my vocab aka Brooks.

97842960	Copernican hypothesis	the idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe; this had enormous scientific and religious implications.	0
97842961	law of inertia	rest is not objects natural state, objects continue in motion forever unless stoped by an outside force, galileo	1
97842962	Aristotelian world-view	The world consisted of ten separate transparent crystal spheres.	2
97842963	empiricism	(philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience	3
97842964	deductive reasoning	reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case.	4
97842965	rationalism	the doctrine that all knowledge is expressible in self-evident propositions or their consequences.	5
97842966	general will	According to Rousseau, the _____________ is sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of the sovereign power.	6
97842967	skepticism	doubt about the truth of something	7
97842968	tabula rasa	a young mind not yet affected by experience (according to John Locke)	8
97842969	Parlement of Paris	most powerful court that competed with the monarchy for political power, controlled by french nobles	9
97842970	Enlightenment	a movement that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions	10
97842971	enlightened absolutism	European rulers who embraced many of the philosophes' reforms, monarchical government dedicated to rational strengthening of central absolutist administration at cost of lesser political power centers	11
97842972	philosophes	Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.	12
97842973	Gresham College	Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had a honored roll in society; center of scientific activity.	13
97842974	Cartesian dualism	Separation of mind and matter, allowed something to be investigated independently by reason	14
97842975	Silesia	Austrian province seized by Frederick II of Prusia	15
97842976	social contract	the idea that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others	16
97842977	state of nature	The basis of natural rights philosophy; a state of nature is the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws.	17
97842978	Spirit of Laws	Written by Montesquieu, a complex comparative study of republics, monarchies, and despotisms - a great pioneering inquiry in the emerging social sciences believed in the separation of powers	18
97842979	Principia	A.K.A. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Written by Newton in 1684. Explained law of gravitation and 3 laws of motion.	19
97842980	Two Treatises on Government	book publish by John Locke, set forth idea that people have certain rights and the gov. is formed to protect those rights, life liberty property, he believed ppl were justified in rebelling if this was violated	20
97842981	judicial review	review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court	21
97842982	separation of powers	Idea created by Montesquieu, argued that despotism could be avoided with _____________, when political power is divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges.	22
97842983	checks and balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power	23
97842984	constitution	the body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government	24
97842985	salons	gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment	25
97842986	deism	The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.	26
97842987	On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres	Book written by Copernicus which explained his heliocentric theory and contradicted the geocentric theory	27
97842988	Tycho Brahe	Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.	28
97842989	Johannes Kepler	discovered that the paths of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather that circular	29
97842990	Galileo Galilei	Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter's moons. Wrote Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World	30
97842991	Isaac Newton	English Scientist. 3 Laws of motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural Philosophy (1687).	31
97842992	Francis Bacon	(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method.	32
97842993	Bernard de Fontenelle	Set out to make science witty and entertaining for a broad nonscientific audience; wrote "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds"	33
97842994	the public	Economic and social elites, many of which were joined together in the eighteenth-century concept of ___________	34
97842995	Baron de Montesquieu	wrote The Spirit of the Laws : developed the idea of the separation of powers into three branches of government	35
97842996	Voltaire	French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)	36
97842997	Madame du Chatelet	a French noblewoman who became important to mathematics as the translator of Newton's Principia.	37
97842998	The Encyclopedia	The writers of _____________ showed that human beings could use the process of reasoning to expand human knowledge.	38
97842999	Baron Paul d'Holbach	Argued that human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces. His aggressive atheism and determinism, which were coupled with deep hostility towards Christianity and other religions, dealt the unity of the Enlightenment movement a severe blow.	39
97843000	David Hume	Argued that the human mind is really nothing but a bundle of impressions. These impressions originate only in sense experiences and our habits of joining these experiences together.	40
97843001	Marquis de Condorcet	Transformed the enlightenment belief in gradual, hard won progress into fanciful Utopianism. Hypothesized and tracked nine stages of human progress that had already occurred and predicted the tenth stage would bring perfection	41
97843002	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	A Swiss philosopher who, like other Enlightenment thinkers, was passionately committed to individual freedom. Unlike them, however, he attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying, rather than liberating, the individual	42
97843003	Immanuel Kant	The greatest German philosopher of the age, he argued in 1784 that if serious thinkers were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, then enlightenment would almost surely follow.	43
97843004	rococo art	art of the early 18th century; light pastel toned, swirling compositions that seem placed in an idyllic land of a golden age	44
97843005	Madame Geoffrin	Hosted one of the most famous salons in paris over the objections of her much older aristocratic husband. Called the godmother of the encyclopedia, she inherited a large fortune after her husbands death and contributed a significant sum to save that publication.	45
97843006	Frederick II	"Frederick The Great"-1712-1786;King of Prussia, aggressive in foreign affairs. Used military to increase power. Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.	46
97843007	Seven Years War	Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the attack against Frederick	47
97843008	Catherine the Great	This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia	48
97843009	Pugachev's rebellion	Prior to this, Catherine the Great had condemned serfdom in theory. However, it put an end to any illusions she might have had about reforming the system. It was also stomped out quickly because it proved no match for Catherine's noble-led regular army	49
97843010	Maria Theresa	was Empress of Austria. She worked to centralize the Austrian Empire and strengthen the power of the state. She worked hard to alleviate the conditions of serfs	50
97843011	Joseph II	This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom	51
97843012	Louis XV	(r. 1715-1774) inherited throne at age 5; great-grandson of Louis XIV; duke of Orleans governed until 1723 for him; 1748: appointed a finance minister who decreed a 5% income tax on every individual-protest-tax dropped; emergency war taxes established after 7 Years' War-Parlement of Paris challenged Louis XV-taxes withdrew-Louis finally had a determined defense of his absolutist inheritance-1768: appointed a tough career official, Rene de Maupeou, as chancellor and ordered him to crush opposition-abolished existing parlements and created new parlement of royal officials-system would have succeeded but Louis died in 1774	52
97843013	War of Austrian Succession	This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa.	53