A.P World History Chapter 12-16 Flashcards

107772918	Bactria	The ancient region stretching from the Hindu Kush mountain range to the ancient Ganhara region of the Indian subcontinent	0
107772919	Barracks Emperors	Series of Roman generals who seized the throne between 235 and 284 C.E.	1
107772920	Byzantine	Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565)	2
107772921	Edict of Milan	Emperor Constantine's 313 C.E. that Christianity was a legitimate religion.	3
107772922	Karakorum	Capital of the Mongol empire	4
107772923	Manichaeism	Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century C.E., a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements.	5
107772924	Silk roads	Ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the east.	6
107772925	Zen Buddhism	Japanese version of Chinese Chan Buddhism, with an emphasis on intuition and sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study.	7
107772926	Caesaropapism	Concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emperors, that was central to the church versus state controversy in medieval Europe.	8
107772927	Constantinople	Capital of the Byzantine empire and a cultural and economic center	9
107772928	Corpus iuris civilis	Body of the Civil Law, the Byzantine emperor Justinian's attempt to codify all Roman law.	10
107772929	Council of Nicaea	Meeting of the Byzantine church (325 C.E.) at which Arianism was declared heresy.	11
107772930	Crusades	Campaigns by Christian knights to seize the holy lands that led to trade with Muslims and the importation of Muslim ideas regarding science and mathematics	12
107772931	Eastern Orthodox Christianity	Eastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople.	13
107772932	Greek Fire	Flammable substance used by Byzantine empire to repel Muslim attacks	14
107772933	Hagia Sophia	Greek orthodox temple constructed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later converted into a mosque.	15
107772934	Iconoclasts	Supporters of the movement, begun by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741), to destroy religious icons because their veneration was considered sinful	16
107772935	Saljuqs	Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire	17
107772936	Third Rome	Concept that a new power would rise up to carry the legacy of Roman greatness after the decline of the Second Rome, Constantinople; Moscow was referred to as the Third Rome during the fifteenth century	18
107772937	Abbasid	Cosmopolitan Arabic dynasty (750-1258) that replaced the Umayyads; founded by Abu al-Abbas and reaching its peak under Harun al-Rashid	19
107772938	Bedouins	Nomadic Arabic tribespeople	20
107772939	Caliph	deputy," Islamic leader after the death of Muhammad	21
107772940	Dar al-Islam	The "house of Islam," a term for the Islamic world.	22
107772941	Five Pillars	The foundation of Islam; (1) profession of faith, (2) prayer, (3) fasting during Ramadan, (4) alms, and (5) pilgrimage, or hajj.	23
107772942	Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca.	24
107772943	Hijra	Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622, which is the beginning point of the Islamic calendar and is considered to mark the beginning of the Islamic faith	25
107772944	Islam	Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam.	26
107772945	Jizya	Tax in Islamic empires that was imposed on non-Muslims	27
107772946	Ka'ba	Main shrine in Mecca, goal of Muslims embarking on the hajj.	28
107772947	Mecca	City conquered by Muhammed in 630. He destroyed pagan shrines and erected mosques.	29
107772948	Qu'ran	Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah as presented to Muhammad.	30
107772949	Shari'a	The Islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Qu'ran, and accounts of Muhammad's life	31
107772950	Shia	Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali.	32
107772951	Sufis	Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules	33
107772952	Sunni	Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead.	34
107772953	Umayyad	Arabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east.	35
107772954	Uighurs	Turkish Tribe	36
107772955	Uigher Turks	Clerks, secretaries, and administrators for the Mongol Empire	37
107772956	Tang Taizong	Chinese emperor (r. 627-649) who founded the Tang dynasty (618-907).	38
107772957	Tale of Genji	Literary work of ancient Japan, written by Murasaki Shikibu.	39
107772958	Sui	Dynasty (589-618) that constructed Grand Canal, reunified China, and allowed for the splendor of the Tang dynasty that followed.	40
107772959	Song	Chinese dynasty (960-1279) that was marked by an increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society.	41
107772960	Shogun	Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor.	42
107772961	Shintoism	Indigenous Japanese religion that emphasizes purity, clan loyalty, and the divinity of the emperor	43
107772962	Seppuku	A Japanese term for ritual suicide committed by the samurai when he had been dishonored	44
107772963	Samurai	A Japanese warrior who lived by the code of bushido	45
107772964	Neo-Confucianism	Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200).	46
107772965	Nara era	Japanese period (710-794), centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence.	47
107772966	Heian	Japanese period (794-1185), a brilliant cultural era notable for the world's first novel, Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji.	48
107772967	Crand Cannal	Project that integrated the economies of northern and southern China	49
107772968	Equal field system	Chinese system during the Han dynasty in which the goal was to ensure an equitable distribution of land.	50
107772969	Bushido	The "way of the warrior," the code of conduct of the Japanese samurai that was based on loyalty and honor	51
107772970	Angkor	Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat.	52
107772971	Bhakti	Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam.	53
107772972	Chola	Southern Indian Hindu kingdom (850-1267), a tightly centralized state that dominated sea trade	54
107772973	Dhow	Indian, Persian, and Arab ships, one hundred to four hundred tons, that sailed and traded throughout the Indian Ocean basin.	55
107772974	Funan	An empire spanning the first to the sixth century C.E. in present-day Cambodia and Vietnam that adopted Sanskrit as its official language.	56
107772975	Srivijaya	Southeast Asian kingdom (670-1025), based on the island of Sumatra, that used a powerful navy to dominate trade	57
107772976	Sultanate of Delhi	Islamic state in northern India established by Mahmud's successors in 1206 C.E. that began to establish the presence of Islam on the Indian subcontinent.	58
107772977	Vijayanagar	Southern Indian kingdom (1336-1565) that later fell to the Mughals.	59