APWH MHS Chapter 33 (Robert) Flashcards

159596424	Indian National Congress Party	Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.	0
159596425	B. G. Tilak	Indian nationalist leader. He demanded things of the Indian government such as boycotting all European products and independence, Built Hinduism with nationalism, opposed women's education, very traditional, against BR colonization	1
159596426	Morley-Minto reforms of 1909	Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councils.	2
159596427	Lord Cromer	1. Lord Cromer was High Commisioner of Egypt in the decades following British conquest. 2. He was significant because his reforms reduced the khedival debts, reorganized the bureaucracy, and oversaw the construction of large public projects such as irrigation systems.	3
159596428	Effendi	Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.	4
159596429	Dinshawai incident	Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.	5
159596430	Montagu-Chelmsford reforms 1919	Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.	6
159596431	Rowlatt act	Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919	7
159596432	Satyagraha	Literally, "truth-force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British colonialism.	8
159596433	Muslim League	Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement.	9
159596434	Simon Commission	In 1927 considered future Indian colonial government responses to nationalist demands; served to unify nationalist politicians on both right and left of independence movement and also to heal rift between Muslims and Hindus	10
159596435	Government of India Act of 1935	British agreed to retain control of the central administration in return for turning over the provincial governments to Indian leaders chosen by expanded electorate.	11
159596436	Mandates	Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922.	12
159596437	Lord Balfour	`, British foreign secretary who pledged in a declaration the establishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine	13
159596438	Zionist	a worldwide Jewish movement that resulted in the establishment and development of the state of Israel	14
159596439	Leon Pinsker	european zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible	15
159596440	Theodor Herzel	Wrote "Jewish State",said the Jews who wish it will have their state. They want nationalsim, but need a nation before they can have it.	16
159596441	Wafd Party	Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles Treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghl[[auumlaut]]l; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922	17
159596442	Negritude	Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.	18
159596443	Atlantic Charter of 1941	World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization.	19
159596444	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights (816)	20
159596445	Kwame Nkrumah	Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He develpoped economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues	21
159596446	Jomo Kenyatta	A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya	22
159596447	Land Freedom Army	Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau.	23
159596448	National Liberation Front	Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958.	24
159596449	Colon	IDK...i think he made a typo.	25
159596450	Secret Army Organization	Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence.	26
159596451	Afrikaner National Party	Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.	27
159596452	Apartheid	Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically	28