Essential Terms Flashcards

160513666	foundations	8000 BCE - 600 CE	0
160513667	hunters and gatherers	People who obtain food by collecting plants and by hunting wild animals or scavenging their remains; burnt down forests for hunting., groups of people who get their food hunting roaming herds of animals or gathering plants for food	1
160513668	Nomadic	a way of life in which there is no permanent residence site & the group moves from place to place according to the season, availability of food supply & other such factors	2
160513669	pastoral	relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle,	3
160513670	Neolithic	latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the middle east (but later elsewhere), the last phase of the Stone Age, marked by the domestication of animals, the development of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery, a period when the hunting and gathering lifestyle gave way to permanent settlements and the tending of plants and animals.	4
160513671	Agricultural revolution/transition	a significant change in agriculture that occurs when there are discoveries, invention, or new technologies that change production. This is important because agricultural revolutions lead to the urbanization of places, and also led to the technology and dependence on technology of the modern- day world. a significant change in agriculture that occurs when there are discoveries, invention, or new technologies that change production. This is important because agricultural revolutions lead to the urbanization of places, and also led to the technology and dependence on technology of the modern- day world.	5
160513672	social hierarchy	The division of society by rank or class	6
160513673	patriarchy	form of social organization in which the father rules the family or tribe, descent being traced through the father, political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights, definition: a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line significance: led to males having many significant roles in the government and household	7
160513674	caste system	System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position they inherit in the caste system in their next life through their actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they may be relieved from cycle of life and win their place in heaven., a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity, a set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person's occupation and economic potential as well as his or her position in society, based partly on skin color	8
160513675	metallurgy	the science or art of metals. It includes the study of their properties and structure, the separation and refining of metals from their ores, the production of alloys, and the shaping and treatment of metals by heat and rolling.	9
160513676	textiles	before the industrial revolution, people wove these by hand, but after they used machines to make them, final product from the raw cotton that was given to the households in the putting out system, mostly fabric and woven cloth, _____, or cloth, were the most important goods carried to Britain from India	10
160513677	specialization	the concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities, the development of skills in a specific kind of work	11
160513678	advanced civilizations	_______ ________ became possible after humans domesticated wild plants and animals	12
160513679	secular	worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal, concerning those not members of the clergy, , worldly; not connected with a church or religion	13
160513680	diffusion	the spread of social institutions (and myths and skills) from one society to another, The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.	14
160513681	Brahmins	in Aryan society, a member of the social class made up of priests, The highest cast of pries originally limited only to the Aryans and later allowed to the Indian after much inter-marriage. Second only to the Kshatrija or warrior class.	15
160513682	dharma	in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste, In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties, In Hinduism, dharma stands for law, obligation and duty. To follow one's dharma, it means to perform and live life as one should.	16
160513683	karma	(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation	17
160513684	bodhisattva	a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment, a Bodhisattva is anyone who is motivated by compassion and seeks enlightenment not only for him/herself but also for everyone	18
160513685	mandate of heaven	Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China., a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source	19
160513686	emperor	A ruler of widespread lands, A ruler of an empire, which is a group of different territories or cultures led by a single all-powerful authority.	20
160513687	dynastic cycle	the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties., the rise and fall of Chinese ruler, according to the Mandate of Heaven	21
160513688	terraces	a new form of agriculture in aksum, in which stepped ridges constructed on mountain slopes help retain water and reduce erosion., wide ledge cut into the side of a hill or mountain to make a place where crops can grow	22
160513689	sericulture	raising silkworms in order to obtain raw silk, the process of cultivating, harvesting and process silk from silkworms, primarily the domesticated caterpillar- a type of moth. Silkworms are fed a diet of mulberry leave, increasing body weight nearly 10,000 times in their month-long span. The cocoons are soaked in hot water to soften them and the filament is drawn out and wound into a reel.	23
160513690	republic	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them, A form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by citizens who have the right to vote	24
160513691	monarchy	autocracy in which a king, queen, or emperor exercises supreme powers of government, a type of government in which a ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies	25
160513692	monsoons	seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons, the seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia blowing from the southwest in the summer and NE in the winter	26
160513693	rajas	India was a world of warring kingdoms ... Aryan leaders; a term for princes, regional leaders who had groups of villages band together under them, war leader responsible for protecting.	27
160513694	sinicization	The adoption and absorption by foreign people of Chinese language, customs and culture., to make Chinese in character (tradition+religion); to bring under Chinese influence, namely in the fields of tradition and religion.	28
160513695	bureaucracy	nonelective government officials, system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials, type of organization structured like a pyramid, with one person at the top and many at the bottom; workers at each level supervise those below them	29
160513696	hajj	the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah, the pilgrimage to Mecca, which every adult Muslim is supposed to make at least once in his or her lifetime: the fifth of the Pillars of Islam., religious journey to Mekkah that Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetimes if they are able to do so	30
160513697	ulama	the body of mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community, Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies	31
160513698	caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.	32
160513699	Sufi	a Muslim who represents the mystical dimension of Islam, an adherent of sufism, the form of islam characterized by a mystical approach to allah, who is experienced inwardly, Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules, another group that rejected the luxurious life of the Umayyads. They pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path. They were established in the Muslim Empire during the fundamental division during the Umayyads rule.	33
160513700	Sunni	a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad, a follower of the majority branch of Islam, which feels that successors to Muhammad are to be chosen by the Muslim community, Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions (sunna) of Muhammad as authoritative.	34
160513701	Shia	a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam, 10% of Islam followers who are less orthodox than Sunni followers are; they believe their leader should be Muhammad's descendants.	35
160513702	Dar al-Islam	an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule, Areas where Muslims are in the majority; countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely; two requirements: 1. Muslims must be able to enjoy peace and security with and within this country, 2. It has common frontiers with some Muslim countries	36
160513703	kowtow	a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission, to show servile deference; to touch the forehead to the ground as an act of respect	37
160513704	Neoconfucianism	A mix between the influence of buddhism as well as the orginal confucian values.	38
160513705	compass	navigational instrument for finding directions, an instrument for showing directions, consisting of a needle or compass card that points to the north magnetic pole, which is near the North Pole	39
160513706	samurai	a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy, A professional soldier in Japan who served the interests of landowners and clan chiefs	40
160513707	Silk routes	overland trade routes, often pionerred by nomads, that connected the civilized core areas of Eurasia and the Middle East, trade routes from China through Asia, India, Europe	41
160513708	Indian Ocean trade network	The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500.	42
160513709	Trans-Saharan trade	route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading, ca. A.D. 100 when, from West Africa across the Sahara, caravans carried leather goods, kola nuts, cotton cloth, and enslaved people	43
160513710	plague	an easily spread disease causing a large number of deaths; a widespread evil; to annoy or bother, WORRY, epidemic, pandemic, contagious disease, a widespread disease resulting in a high rate of death, pest, pestilence, to cause persistent suffering to(AFFLICT), a disastrous evil or affliction : CALAMITY, a cause of irritation : NUISANCE, to cause worry or distress to : HAMPER, BURDEN	44
160513711	economic network	independent individuals have the primary purpose of making a strong community in order to gain strength and perform as a significant player in relation to current market situation.	45
160513712	feudalism	the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th C, a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service, A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	46
160513713	manorialism	An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production., Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land., economic system during the middle ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land	47
160513714	fiefs	...	48
160513715	serfs	...	49
160513716	papacy	...	50
160513717	Crusade	...	51
160513718	Christendom	...	52
160513719	Khan	...	53
160513720	sultan	...	54
160513721	griots	...	55
160513722	guilds	...	56
160513723	Reconquista	...	57
160513724	chinampa	...	58
160513725	quipu	...	59
160513726	Sharia	...	60
160513727	Columbian Exchange	...	61
160513728	Conquistadores	...	62
160513729	indentured servitude	...	63
160513730	coercive labor systems	...	64
160513731	mestizo/mulattoes	...	65
160513732	encomienda/ Repartimiento	...	66
160513733	peninsulares/Criollos	...	67
160513734	viceroys	...	68
160513735	Manila galleons	...	69
160513736	Maroon	...	70
160513737	Triangular trade	...	71
160513738	Diaspora	...	72
160513739	Enlightenment	...	73
160513740	Scientific Revolution	...	74
160513741	Reformation	...	75
160513742	Absolutism	...	76
160513743	balance of power	...	77
160513744	Janissaries	...	78
160513745	harem	...	79
160513746	boyars	...	80
160513747	westernization/ modernization	...	81
160513748	revolutions	...	82
160513749	Zionism	...	83
160513750	Industrial Revolution	...	84
160513751	emancipation	...	85
160513752	Capitulations/extraterritoriality	...	86
160513753	capitalism	...	87
160513754	Marxism	...	88
160513755	spheres of influence	...	89
160513756	intelligentsia	...	90
160513757	Imperialism/colonialism	...	91
160513758	Social Darwinism	...	92
160513759	Racism	...	93
160513760	indentured labor	...	94
160513761	Caudillos	...	95
160513762	neocolonialism	...	96
160513763	nationalism	...	97
160513764	1914-present	...	98
160513765	self-determination	...	99
160513766	League of Nations	...	100
160513767	pan-Slavism	...	101
160513768	communism	...	102
160513769	Bedouin	...	103
160513770	mandate	...	104
160513771	Great Depression	...	105
160513772	Five-Year Plans	...	106
160513773	Collectivization	...	107
160513774	Fascism	...	108
160513775	appeasement	...	109
160513776	genocide	...	110
160513777	United Nations	...	111
160513778	IMF/World Bank	...	112
160513779	Cold War	...	113
160513780	Nonaligned	...	114
160513781	containment	...	115
160513782	feminism	...	116
160513783	decolonization	...	117
160513784	glasnost	...	118
160513785	religious fundamentalism	...	119
160513786	Apartheid	...	120
160513787	Mujahideen/Taliban	...	121
160513788	multinational corporations (MNCs)	...	122
160513789	WTO	...	123
160513790	OPEC	...	124
160513791	Deforestation	...	125
160513792	Global warming	...	126
160513793	popular culture	...	127
160513794	cultural convergence	...	128
160513795	developing world	...	129
160513796	"the West"	...	130
160513797	"the East"	...	131