ch 27 28 29 Flashcards

149380113	similarities of Russian and Japanese Industrialization prior to 1914	Russia: based on Byzantine and western empires Japan: based on China	0
149380114	Russia's fear about Westernization	did not want radical uprisings from serfs	1
149380115	Holy Alliance	Was a Coalition between Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815. It was supposed to install Christian values all throughout Europe, and also to prevent French ideas of Revolution from entering their countries. Metternich was responsible for spreading its goals from just Christian values to preventing Revolution.	2
149380116	Decembrist Uprising	Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by western-oriented army officers who advocated reforms; human rights; put down by Tsar Nicholas I; Russia is pushed further into conservation	3
149380117	Reason for no significant revolutions between 1830 and 1848	political repression; the tsar increased secret police and squished any opponents	4
149380118	Russian Territorial Expansion	...	5
149380119	Russian Economy at the beginning of the 19th century	based on grain exports; no new technology; increased peasant labor to match required needs for west	6
149380120	Crimean War	from 1853-1856. This war pitted the Ottoman Empire (backed by Britain, France, and Sardinia (Piedmont)) against Russia. Russia wanted to extend into Ottoman- held territory, and Britain and France objected. Russia was defeated and all parties suffered significant casualties. This war weakened Russia, disabling them in their ability to be involved in the matter of German unification— need of industrialization in order to survive in Europe. West— not better tactics better weapons.o	7
149380121	Alexander II	began process to reform Russia in the beginning of the 19th century; serfdom is holding Russia back (ppl are human— need to be treated as humans.. who will replace labor ?)	8
149380122	1861	Date: End of Russian Serfdom/Italian Unification/emancipation	9
149380123	redemption payments	former serfs were given small portions of land; would work it and pay landowners back for property; not much change; still work the land	10
149380124	trans-siberian railway	1st move towards industrialization; gov't project; Russia needed money and lacked a middle class (entrepreneurs); ^iron-railroad and coal-power train ^	11
149380125	count witte	russian minister of finance; 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs to protect new industry, improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories with advanced tech. in Russia... result: bad— pay back westerners later (foreign owned + foreign operated= debtor nation	12
149380126	Russian world rank in industrialization	not based on mechanization; great size, population and natural resources.. agriculture remained backwards— peasants were illiterate and no motives for increase of labor	13
149380127	Russian intelligentsia	articulate intellectuals as a class; became active for free press and edu; wanted political freedom and social reform without materialistic side of western culture	14
149380128	anarchists	Russian radicals; sought to abolish all formal gov't; opposition to tsarist autocracy; hope for winning peasant support—fail=after 1860's became terrorism— bombing and assassinations; strengthened tsarist Alexander II rule; censorship of newspapers and political meetings; were exiled to Siberia	15
149380129	Lenin's effect on Russian Marxism	1. Russia could gp through proletarian rev. without middle class phase 2.importamce of disciplined rev. cells that could maintain doctrinal purity and effective action even under severe police repression —approach animated group of Russian marxists aka Bolsheviks	16
149380130	Bolsheviks	majority party— minority in Russian marxist movement as a whole; adopted Lenin's approach to Marxism	17
149380131	Russian Revolution in 1905	failure os Russia in Russo-Japanese War lead to this; imperial gov't appealed to peasants after rev.	18
149380132	Piotyr Stolypin	introduced Stolypin Reforms—freedom from redemption payments and village control; goal: create stratified, market oriented peasantry fsrmers and become rural capitalist; interior minister- deals with domestic issues not foreign	19
149380133	Russian Duma	national parliament; conservatives; Tsar doesn't give Duma power; goal: to placate liberals after loss of Russo-Japanese War	20
149380134	kulaks	minority of entrepreneurs (peasants); increased agricultural production; bought additional land; goal: make as much $ as possible	21
149380135	East European states and their relation to Russia	East adopted Russian developments: restricted voting rights and parliamentary powers, abolishment of slavery; landlord power was more extensive and industrialization was less extensive than Russia; more dependent on Western exports	22
149380136	Dutch Studies	group in Tokugawa Japan (central bureaucracy with alliances) that advocated interest in Western scientific advance; used Western texts; helpful in medicine	23
149380137	Commodore Matthew Perry	attained trading access to Japan in 1853 by threats and bombardment	24
149380138	1868	end of major political crisis in Japan; Mutsuhito "Meiji" becomes emperor of Japan (enlightened one); adopted Western techniques and ideas; realizes West has surpassed Japan	25
149380139	state direction of industry	intervention— keeps close watch; not much capital	26
149380140	zaibatsus	industrial combines/factories in Japan; 1890's; result of accumulations of capital and merchant and industrial operations	27
149380141	japanese industrialization prior to WWI	depended on imports from the West; silk production	28
149380142	western cultural characteristics adopted by the japanese	haircuts, standards of hygiene—toothbrush, metric system, calendar	29
149380143	shintoism	became popular in Japan; appealed to nationalist and emperor	30
149380144	WWI date	1914-1918	31
149380145	balkans	produced the most diplomatic crisis prior to WWI; Ottoman Empire ruled; wanted own identity	32
149380146	western front by 1915	stealmate— nothing is gaining advantage; battle isn't going anywhere	33
149380147	Reasons for Russian failure during the first weeks of the war	...	34
149380148	direct consequence of WWI	...	35
149380149	the italian front	Iberians and Austria (advantage of the Alps) clash	36
149380150	american economy during WWI	benefits from Europe; sell food, raw materials and weapons;	37
149380151	Japan during WWI	became involved in 1902 due to a naval treaty with Great Britain; profited by warfare in Asia	38
149380152	Ottoman Empire during WWI	Germany's main support against Europe	39
149380153	sea warfare during WWI	unrestricted submarine warfare; Germans can launch torpedos at any ship	40
149380154	1918	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk takes Russia out of war with significant territorial losses; the armistice with Germany that ended World War I on the 11th month, 11th day, 11th hour, 11th minute of this year	41
149380155	weimar republic	new civilian government of Germany installed before surrender to entente para shift the blame of defeat;1919 to 1933; Germany's first democracy; failed miserably	42
149380156	Treaty of Versailles	treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I; demanded Germany to dismantle military and give up lands to Poland; resented by many Germans	43
149380157	WWI casualties	10 million dead; 20 million wounded (not including civilians)	44
149380158	india's budget	paid for large armies for Britain; administrators were paid when indians were qualified for the job	45
149380159	congress party	served purposes of INCP; dominated by elite-centric issues; gave Indians first sense of identity and representation in gov't	46
149380160	Indian National Congress Party	led Indians to independence; governed most decades of post-colonial era; Western educated Indians	47
149380161	Morely-Mitno Reforms	provided educated Indians to elect and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councils	48
149380162	bengal	...	49
149380163	B.G. Tilak	believed that since Hindus made up majority Indian population nationalism should be built on Hindu views; worked to revive ancient ways of Hindus; opposed women education and wanted to lower marriage age of women; called for independence from Britain with threats	50
149380164	effendi	prosperous business and professional families that make up new middle class	51
149380165	Lord Cromer	arrives in Egypt and makes all the decisions of state from 1883 to 1907; enabled Britain to control the Suez canal; pushed for economic reforms aimed at reducing the debt of Turkish khedives	52
149380166	1882 in Egypt	British occupation; by mutiny of Almad Orabi and other Egyptian officers	53
149380167	Dinshawai	party of British officers on leave; 'accidentally' shot a women (thought she was a bird) 1906; led to an uproar of racial arrogance; mobilize Egyptian leadership (ayans)	54
149380168	1913, Egypt	British granted a constitution and representation in a parliament	55
149380169	Difference between egyptian and indian nationalist movements	Indian: peaceful; Egyptian: violent	56
149380170	balfour declaration	British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI	57
149380171	leadership of the pan-African organizations	African Americans and West Indians; 1920s attempts to arouse all-African loyalties; not natives	58
149380172	countries with woman's suffrage after WWI	Germany, Great Britain, US, Turkey	59
149380173	PRI	Party of the Institutional Revolution; 1920s-1930s; controlled politics; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-clas sectors; revealed worst aspects of cuadillo rule	60
149380174	cristeros	Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence, backed by catholic church + many politicians	61
149380175	indigenism	nationalism; concern for the indigenous people and their contribution to Mexican culture	62
149380176	reforms of the 1917 mexican constitution	land reform; limited foreign ownership of key resources; guaranteed rights of workers; restrictions on clerical education and church ownership of property; educational refoms	63
149380177	ejidos	givwn under President Lazaro Cardenas; >40 million acres of land was distributed; communal holdings	64
149380178	alvaro obregon	able general; learned new tactics of machine guns and trenches from war in Europe; beat Villa's cavalry in a series of battles in 1915; emerged as leader of gov't in 1920	65
149380179	goals of emiliano zapata	goal of land reform: " Tierra y Libertad" (land and liberty)	66
149380180	Juan jose arevalo	Key Points 1. President of Guatemala (1945-51) 2. Encouraged labor movement and had many social reforms including social security, and public building 3. Favored indigenous people 4. Did not support U.S. domination of Latin American 5. Overthrown by Arbenz	67
149380181	francisco madero	tried to run for presidency but Diaz had him arrested. He then called for an armed revolution against Diaz and he was later elected president in 1911	68
149380182	porfirio diaz	He took control of the Mexican government after Benito Juarez's death. With the support of the military, he led a corrupt regime that rewarded supporters with bribes of land and political favors, and punished dissenters with cruelty and prison sentences. He advocated 'Order and Progress.' Most Mexicans remained poor and many began to protest his harsh rule. Francisco Madero opposed him and was forced to flee to Texas. Francisco Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata's armies overwhelmed him, and he was forced to step down. Madero replaced him.	69
149380183	1910 in Mexico	Mexican Revolution; led by Pancho Villa and Emilia Zapata	70
149380184	St. Petersberg	Russian Rev. in 1917	71
149380185	soviets	council of workers	72
149380186	Alexander Kerensky	A Socialist Revolutionary; became prime minister in the Provisional Govt. in July 1917 after abdication of Nicholas II. In sep. when General Kornilov's attempted to march on Petrograd and seize power, K released Bolsheviks from prison and turned to the Petrograd soviet for help. His action showed Lenin how weak the P. G. really was. He was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (October 1917) for his moderate policies	73
149380187	reasons the initial Russian gov't following the tsar failed	...	74
149380188	1912, China	Sun Yat-sen resigned as president in favor of northern warlord Yuan Shikai (most powerful of northern clique of generals—best chance to unify China under single government)	75
149380189	Sun Yat-sen	The first great revolutionary leader in 20th century China who founded the Alliance League in 1905; aimed to overthrow Qing to make china a republic, get rid of foreign powers and distribute land to peasants; created the 3 principles of the people: Nationalism, Socialism and Democracy; after rev., he returned from overseas to lead china: failed to leaed successfully; handed power to Yuan Shikai.	76
149380190	May Fourth Movement	resistance to Japanese encroachments in China; aimed at transforming China into liberal democracy; reject Confucianism growing out of students and intellectuals; demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919 protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles.	77
149380191	Li Dazhao	Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China.	78
149380192	Difference between Chinese Marxist philosophy and Lenin's Marxist philosophy	Lenin: saw peasants as urban workers, focused on urban class Chinese Marxist: peasants-anser to revolutionary change, proletarian	79
149380193	proletarian	nation with manufacturers, paid labors in agriculture or economy	80
149380194	nationalist party of China	Guomindang; included all groups; (Revolutionary Alliance—only includes warlords); created in 1919; attempted to unify diverse political organizations struggling for political influence in China; majority of assistance— Soviet Russia; didn't focus on peasantry (90% of pop)	81
149380195	Chiang Kai-shek	General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925; succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang; became a military dictator; major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong; not concerned with helping China in long run	82
149380196	mao zedong	Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976); led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935); rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China; committed to rev. solutions that depended on peasant support	83
149380197	shanghai	1927 massacre of communists; lead by Chiang Kai-shek	84
149380198	long march	1934 communist escape from Hunan providence during civil war with Gumindang; 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China; led by Mao Zedong; Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek; 90,000 followers	85
149380199	shaanxi province	Where did the communists set up their government after the Long March?	86
149380200	national tarrifs	governments' reaction to depression in 1929;	87
149380201	collapse of the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange)	1929; overproduction—prices were low; farmers fled, farmers that stayed were unable to meet high deman	88
149380202	1935, Ethiopia	invaded by Italy	89
149380203	New Deal	created by Franklin D. Roosevelt—precursor of modern welfare; programs to pull US out of depression; direct government intervention;	90
149380204	anschluss	(1938) This was the annexation of Austria into Germany under the Nazis. The Austrian leader instituted a plebiscite in an attempt to keep Austria independent, but Nazism and the unification of German-speaking people was popular in Austria, and the Austrian Nazi party had control of Austria's government. The combining of Austria and Germany was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles, but Italy, France and Great Britain did nothing to oppose the Nazis.	91
149380205	studetenland	...	92
149380206	adolf hitler's political program	need for unity, traditional ways, firm stance against socialism and communism	93
149380207	nazi ecomonic planning	well staged propaganda bombardments; strident nationalism; attack on Germany's Jewish minority	94
149380208	1932 election on Germany	Nazis won largest single slice vote	95
149380209	totallitarian	controlling the freedom, will or thought of others	96
149380210	falange	A Spanish facist party that supported Francisco Franco during the Spanish civil war	97
149380211	corporatism	political ideology; emphasizes organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military	98
149380212	juan d. peron	Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after militiary coup in 1943; used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became President in 1946, forced into exile in 1955, returned and won presidency in 1973	99
149380213	groups allied with peron	workers, industrialists, military	100
149380214	getelio vargas' gov't in brazil (1929-1945)	established corporate state (authoritarian); direct integration	101
149380215	lazaro cardenas	President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820	102
149380216	collectivization	Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.	103
149380217	Japanese world trade	controlled 3.6%	104
149380218	Japanese depression vs. world depression	...	105
149380219	korekiyo takahashi	Minister of finance in Japan during the 1930s; increased government spending to provide jobs; created export boom and elimination of military purchasing.	106
149380220	regions conquered by Japan by the end of 1938	Manchuria, Korea, Taiwan (Formosa), eastern China	107
149380221	results of Stalin's agricultural planning	FAILURE	108
149380222	five-year plans	instituted by Stalin; industrialization— what factories, what is being produced; successful	109
149380223	politburo	executive committee of Soviet Communist party; 20 members	110
149380224	socialist realism	attempt within USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of western European culture; began under Joseph Stalin; soviet fiction, art, and literacy criticism Writers and painters considered dangerous, works were censored; Artists/Writers forced to paint/write about the glory of the Soviet Union	111