AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

96676103	Abbasid Dynasty	succeeded Umayyads as caliphs, 750	0
96676104	Abu Bakr	Muhammad's father in law, first caliph 632-634	1
96676105	Al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian, fused Greek and Qur'anic traditions	2
96676106	Al-Mahdi	3rd Abbasid caliph failed to resolve problem of succession	3
96676107	Allah	supreme God in monotheistic Islam	4
96676108	Almohadis	a puritanical reformist movement in northern Africa after the Almoravids	5
96676109	Almoravids	a puritanical reformist movement in northern Africa, controlled gold trade across sahara and conquered Ghana	6
96676110	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of Arabian peninsula	7
96676111	Belisarius	one of Justinian's most important military commanders while reconquering Europe in North Africa and Italy	8
96676112	Benin	powerful city state that remained free of European influence	9
96676113	Bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses, stressed importance of emotional bonds, worshipped Shiva and Vishnu	10
96676114	Black Death	plague that struck Europe in 14th century, killed 1/3 of the population	11
96676115	Boyars	Russian aristocrats with less power than Western counterparts	12
96676116	Buyids	regional splinter dynasty, captured Baghdad, ruled Abbasid Empire under name "sultan"	13
96676117	Caliph	political and religious successor of Muhammad	14
96676118	Calpulli	clans in Aztec society, controlled and distributed land among residential groups	15
96676119	Carolingians	royal house of Franks after 8th century	16
96676120	Charlemagne	Charles the Great, Carolingian monarch, established empire in France and Germany	17
96676121	Charles Martel	grandfather of Charlemagne, ruler of the Franks 714-741	18
96676122	Chinampas	framed floating farmland in lakes used for agriculture by Aztecs	19
96676123	Clovis	early Frankish king who converted them to Christianity	20
96676124	Chinggis Khan	led quest for land in north China and into the Muslim world	21
96676125	Copts	christian sects of egypt who supported Islamic rule	22
96676126	Crusades	military adventures led by European Christians to free holy land of Muslim rule, captured Jerusalem once and introduced many Islamic ideas to Europe	23
96676127	Cyril and Methodius	missionary from Byzantine Empire to convert Russia and Bulkans to Orthodox Christianity, responsible for cyrillic (slavic) writing	24
96676128	Dhimmi	people of the book, including Hindus and Buddhists	25
96676129	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular sails	26
96676130	Feudalism	social organization with lords knights peasants and oaths of allegiance and loyalty in Europe and Zhou empire	27
96676131	Great Zimbabwe	Bantu confederation of Shona speaking peoples between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers with stone buildings and centralized state	28
96676132	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water used to drive away Arab fleets from Constantinople	29
96676133	Gregory VII	pope who attempted to free church of interference from feudal lords	30
96676134	Griots	oral historians in Mali Empire who were advisors and keepers to the king	31
96676135	Guilds	Sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city, guaranteed good workmanship	32
96676136	Hadiths	traditions of the prophet Muhammad	33
96676137	Hagia Sophia	new church built in constantinople during reign of Justinian	34
96676138	Harun al-Rashid	caliph of Baghdad 786-809, one of the greatest Abbasids, almost a legendary hero in Arabian Nights	35
96676139	Huacas	sacred spirits and powers in caves, mountains, rivers, typical of Andean societies	36
96676140	Hausa	member of an indigenous people of northern Nigeria and southern Niger strongly influenced by Islam	37
96676141	Huitzilopochthi	Aztec tribal patron God, central figure of human sacrifice and warfare, sun god	38
96676142	Hulegu	ruler of Ilkhan Khanate, grandson of Chinggis Khan captured and destroyed Baghdad	39
96676143	Hundred Years War	war between England and France in 14th and 15th centuries over English lands in France and feudal rights	40
96676144	Ibn Batuta	Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures	41
96676145	Ifriqiya	Arabic term for eastern and north Africa	42
96676146	Investiture	state appointment of bishops, stopped by Gregory VII and led to war with Henry IV	43
96676147	Jizya	tax paid by all non Muslims in Islamic territory	44
96676148	Juula	Malinke merchants that formed a small partnership to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire	45
96676149	Kabir	Muslim mystic during 15th century, played down ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	46
96676150	Khadijah	First wife of Muhammad, who worked for her as a trader	47
96676151	Kiev	Trade city in south Russia established by Scandinavian traders and eventually focal point of Russia	48
96676152	Kongo	Kingdom based on agriculture with capital at Mlbanza Kongo	49
96676153	Maghrib	Arabic word for western north Africa	50
96676154	Magna Carta	great charter used by lords agains King John to confirm feudal rights over monarchial claims	51
96676155	Mahmud of Ghazni	Thrid ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan, led invasions into India and gave Muslims a reputation of intolerance and aggression	52
96676156	Malacca	Portugese factory or fortified trade town on Malayan peninsula in southern Asia	53
96676157	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors, established a dynasty in Egypt, defeated Mongols at Ain Jalut and halted advance	54
96676158	Manorialism	system of economic and political relations between lords and peasants in a hierarchy of obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land	55
96676159	Mansa Musa	first Muslim ruler of Mali empire, brought it to its height,Timbuktu established as trade center, made pilgrimage to Mecca and brought fame to Mali and tons of gold that devalued it in Egypt	56
96676160	Mawali	non Arab converts to Muslim	57
96676161	Mira Bai	Hindu writer of religious poetry and reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	58
96676162	Mita	labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion by all communities in Inca imperial control	59
96676163	Mongols	central Asian nomads, captured Baghdad and killed last Abbasid caliph	60
96676164	Mu'awiya	leader of the Umayyad clan and first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	61
96676165	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general, conquered Sind in India and declared the region and the Indus River Valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire	62
96676166	Muhammad of Ghur	military commander of Persian extraction who ruled a small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan that brought much of the Indus river valley, Sind, and northwest India under his control	63
96676167	Nok	culture featuring highly developed art style in the forests of Nigeria	64
96676168	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups and implemented feudal principle of rulers consulting with vassals	65
96676169	Peter Abelard	French scholastic philosopher, teacher, and theologian with an important affair	66
96676170	Pochteca	special merchant class in Aztec society specializing in long distance trade	67
96676171	Quipu	system of knotted strings used by Incas in place of writing and accounting	68
96676172	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev	69
96676173	Sahel	extensive grassland at the southern edge of Sahara	70
96676174	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century, reconquered most of the crusader posts for Islam	71
96676175	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach, used logic to solve theological problems	72
96676176	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia, ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs mid 11th century	73
96676177	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	74
96676178	Sharia	Islamic law, defined the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance	75
96676179	Split Inheritance	Inca practice of decent all titles and political power to one successor and wealth and land to another	76
96676180	Stateless societies	African societies organized with kinship lacking political power and authority	77
96676181	Sundiata	"lion prince" and a member of the Keita clan that created the Mali Empire	78
96676182	Tambos	stations used by Incan military as inns and storehouses located along roads, held supplies and relay points for messengers	79
96676183	Tatars	Mongols, captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236, left orthodoxy and aristocracy in tact	80
96676184	Tenochtitlan	founded on marshy island in lake Texcoco, became center of Aztec power, joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central America	81
96676185	Thomas Aquinas	Saint Thomas(the Angelic Doctor) Italian scholastic philosopher and major theologian of Catholic Church	82
96676186	Timbuktu	port city of Mali, had library and university and 50,000 people	83
96676187	Toltec Culture	succeeded Teotihuacan culture in Mexico, strongly militaristic including human sacrifice	84
96676188	Ulama	orthodox religious scholars within Islam for a more conservative and restrictive theology, opposed non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	85
96676189	Umayyad	clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca, later establish dynasty as rulers of Islam	86
96676190	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam, created degree of political unity	87
96676191	Urban II	called first crusade in 1095, appealed to Christians to free holy land from Muslims	88
96676192	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	89
96676193	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Western Europe	90
96676194	Vladimir I	ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev, converted kingdom to christianity	91
96676195	Wazir	chief administrative official under Abbasid caliphate, initially from Persian provinces	92
96676196	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy and extended tight feudal system to England with centralized monarchy	93
96676197	Yoruba	city states developed in northern Nigeria 1200, Ile-Ife featured artistic style possibly related to earlier Nok culture, agricultural societies supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling family	94
96676198	Zakat	tax for charity, obligatory for all Muslims	95