GACS AP World Ch. 16-19 Flashcards

43952541	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile	Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created of the future Spain; initiated exploration of the New World.	0
43952542	Encomiendas	Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance.	1
43952543	Hispaniola	First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage.	2
43952544	Bartolomé de las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights.	3
43952545	Hernán Cortés	Led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire.	4
43952546	Moctezuma II	Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés' conquest.	5
43952547	Mexico City	Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan.	6
43952548	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.	7
43952549	Francisco Pizarro	Began conquest of Inca Empire in 1535.	8
43952550	Mita	Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects.	9
43952551	Colombian Exchange	Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds.	10
43952552	Potosí	Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia.	11
43952553	Haciendas	Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy.	12
43952554	Galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion.	13
43952555	Treaty of Tordesillas	Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain.	14
43952556	Council of the Indies	Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised the king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies.	15
43952557	Viceroyalties	Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City.	16
43952558	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500.	17
43952559	Paulistas	Backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century.	18
43952560	Minas Gerais	Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed.	19
43952561	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital.	20
43952562	Sociedad de castas	Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom.	21
43952563	Peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World.	22
43952564	Creoles	People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares.	23
43952565	War of the Spanish Succession	Caused by the death of the last Spanish Hapsbug and the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French.	24
43952566	Marquis of Pombal	Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted companies to stimulate the colonial economy.	25
43952567	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution.	26
43952568	Carribbean	First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.	27
43952569	Enlightened despotism	Actions of absolute rulers which have been influenced by the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment.	28
43952570	Ivan III (the Great)	Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar.	29
43952571	Third Rome	Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires.	30
43952572	Ivan IV (the Terrible)	Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.	31
43952573	Boyars	The Russian nobles.	32
43952574	Cossacks	Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia.	33
43952575	Time of Troubles	Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.	34
43952576	Romanov dynasty	Ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.	35
43952577	Old Believers	Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia.	36
43952578	Peter I (the Great)	Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models.	37
43952579	St. Petersburg	Baltic city that was made the new capital of Russia by Peter I.	38
43952580	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry.	39
43952581	Partition of Poland	Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland.	40
43952582	Pugachev rebellion	Unsuccessful peasant rising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and after	41
43952583	Westernization	Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture.	42
43952584	Serfdom	Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate.	43
43952585	Italian Renaissance	14th- and 15th-century intellectual and cultural movement in Europe that challenged medieval values and instigated the modern age.	44
43952586	Niccolo Machiavelli	Author of The Prince, a realistic discussion of seizing and maintaining power.	45
43952587	Humanism	A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor / the philosophy of the Renaissance	46
43952588	Northern Renaissance	Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than in Italy	47
43952589	Francis I	King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor.	48
43952590	Johannes Gutenberg	Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials.	49
43952591	European-style family	Emerged in 15th century; involved later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family.	50
43952592	Martin Luther	German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith in place of Catholic sacraments for gaining salvation; rejected papal authority.	51
43952593	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517.	52
43952594	Anglican Church	Form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII.	53
43952595	Jean Calvin	French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva	54
43952596	Catholic Reformation	Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine.	55
43952597	Jesuits	Catholic religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe.	56
43952598	Edict of Nantes	1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants.	57
43952599	Thirty Years War	War from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction.	58
43952600	English Civil War	Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy.	59
43952601	Proletariat	Class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor.	60
43952602	Witchcraft hysteria	17th-century European violence reflecting uncertainties about religion and about resentment against the poor; especially affected women.	61
43952603	Scientific Revolution	Process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture.	62
43952604	Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer; discredited Hellenistic belief that the sun was at the center of the universe.	63
43952605	Galileo	Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.	64
43952606	John Harvey	English physician who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and the function of the heart as a pump.	65
43952607	René Descartes	Philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature.	66
43952608	Isaac Newton	English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity.	67
43952609	Deism	A concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion.	68
43952610	John Locke	English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; people had the right to overthrow tyrants.	69
43952611	Absolute monarchy	Concept of government developed during the rise of the nation- state in western Europe during the 17th century	70
43952612	Louis XIV	Late 17th- and early 18th-century French king who personified absolute monarchy.	71
43952613	Mercantilism	17th- and 18th-century economic theory that stressed government promotion of internal and international policies to strengthen the economic power / Colonies played a major role in promoting the "mother country"	72
43952614	Glorious Revolution	English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 that affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king.	73
43952615	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior.	74
43952616	Adam Smith	Established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces.	75
43952617	Mary Wollstonecraft	Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women.	76
43952618	Indulgences	Roman Catholic theological tenant for the remission of sins.	77
43952619	Predestination	The belief that God has ordained all events to come including those who were to be saved	78
43952620	Parliamentary monarchy	Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.	79
43952621	Frederick the Great	Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.	80
43952622	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese mariner; first European to reach India by sailing around the tip of Africa in 1498.	81
43952623	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator in the service of Aragon and Castile; sailed west to find a route to India and instead discovered the Americas in 1492.	82
43952624	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese captain in Spanish service; began the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim possession of the Philippines.	83
43952625	East India Companies	British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.	84
43952626	World economy	Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products.	85
43952627	Columbian Exchange	Interaction between Europe and the Americas; millions of Native Americans died of new diseases (smallpox) ; new world crops (potatoes, corn) spread to other world regions; European and Asian animals (horses, cattle) came to the Americas.	86
43952628	Lepanto	Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims.	87
43952629	Core nations	Nations, usually European, that profited from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials.	88
43952630	Dependent economic zones	Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials; dependent on European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor (ex. Brazil)	89
43952631	Vasco de Balboa	Began first Spanish settlement on Mesoamerican mainland in 1509. (modern Panama)	90
43952632	New France	French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down into the Mississippi River valley system. (including Quebec)	91
43952633	Atlantic colonies	British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia.	92
43952634	Treaty of Paris	Concluded in 1763 after the Seven Years War; Britain gained New France and ended France's importance in India.	93
43952635	Cape Colony	Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from the East Indies; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans.	94
43952636	Boers	Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th-century British occupation; later called Afrikaners.	95
43952637	Calcutta	British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal.	96
43952638	Seven Years War	Fought in Europe, Africa, and Asia between 1756 and 1763; the first worldwide war. (UK wins)	97
43952639	Cape of Good Hope	Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.	98
43952640	Mercantilism	Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe; possession of colonies important way to control trade	99
43952641	Mestizos	People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system.	100
43952642	Francisco Pizarro	Led conquest of Inca Empire beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to Spanish.	101
43952643	John Locke	(1632 - 1704) English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution(life, liberty, and property were key rights of people)	102
43952644	William Shakespeare	(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.	103
43952645	John Clovis	A West Virginian and graduate of Ohio and Lipscomb University who has directed chorus and band, taught Bible, and played "Hang on Sloopy" for a total of 33 years at Greater Atlanta Christian School; his wisdom, jolly personality, sound logic, and enormous love of and devotion to Christ makes him the all-around greatest and most beloved teacher of all time.	104