AP World History Ch. 13-15 Flashcards

243896068	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	0
243896069	Theodora	Justinian's wife; helped him run the empire	1
243896070	Belisarius	one of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of Western Europe; commended in North Africa and Italy	2
243896071	Greek fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople	3
243896072	Basil II	revived the Byzantine Empire; "Bulgar Slayer"	4
243896073	Leo III	Believing that icons encouraged superstition and idol-worship, in A.D. 726 this emperor ordered all icons removed from the churches.	5
243896074	St. Cyril and St. Methodius	Missionaries to the Slavs, credited with the Slavic Alphabet	6
243896075	St. Basil	wrote rules for monks in 357; though people should live a simple lifestyle	7
243896076	theme system	This system divided the Byzantine Empire into different districts that were each led by a general, they were created so that the military could respond quickly to attacks, also peasants who joined the army were given plots of land, thereby increasing the free peasant class.	8
243896077	Charlemagne	Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800	9
243896078	iconoclasm	The breaking of images; a religious controvery of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to surpress icon veneration	10
243896079	patriarch	title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem)	11
243896080	Eastern Orthodox Church	Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia	12
243896081	Cyrillic alphabet	An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius	13
243896082	Prince Vladimir of Kiev	He was the Russian prince who selected Greek Orthodoxy as the national religion. This added cultural bonds to the Byzantine Empire to the already existing commercial ties	14
243896083	Fourth Crusade	(1202 - 1204) Crusade which by a strange series of events attacked and sacked Constantinople, causing damage to Byzantine Empire	15
243896084	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)	16
243896085	Tang dynasty	considered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia	17
243896086	Tang Taizong	Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE); Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne; Strong ruler: Built capital at Chang'an, maintained law and order, kept taxes and prices low; More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies; ruled during high point of art and culture	18
243896087	Song dynasty	(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.	19
243896088	Sui dynasty	The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China	20
243896089	Fast-ripening rice	acquired by Chinese through trade with Vietnam. ripens twice a year, which allowed farmers to harvest more crops. allowed China's population to expand	21
243896090	foot binding	practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household	22
243896091	Shinto	the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma	23
243896092	Minamoto	Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government in 12th-century Japan.	24
243896093	shogun	a hereditary military dictator of Japan	25
243896094	Nara	capital of the Japanese Yamato emperors; modeled on the Tang capital, Changan	26
243896095	Kamakura	Yorimoto's capital during his shogunate, destroyed in 1331	27
243896096	Samurai	a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy	28
243896097	Song Taizu	First Song dynasty emperor who reigned from 960-976 CE. He focused his rule on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts rather than on military affairs. Inaugurated bureaucracy of merit.	29
243896098	Heian Japan	A period in time where cultural development took place. Japan's ideas, traditions, and culture, was influence by Chinese cultures.	30
243896099	Tokugawa dynasty	This Dynasty ended Japan's medieval period. Centralized power and unified Japan in the sixteenth century	31
243896100	equal-field system	Agricultural reform favoring the peasants under the Tang dynasty in China, inheritance system where 1/5 of the land when to the peasant's descendants and the rest went to the government.	32
245614773	Islam	A monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in 7th century, means "submission to the will of Allah"	33
245614774	Hajj	pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam	34
245614775	Sharia	the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed	35
245614776	Caliph	the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth	36
245614777	Abu Bakr	First caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad	37
245614778	shia	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	38
245614779	sunni	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad	39
245614780	Umayyad	First Arabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east.	40
245614781	Abbasid	dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished	41
245614782	Saljuq	most important of the nomadic Turkish peoples who, in the eleventh century sent waves of invaders into Anatolia. in 1071 they subjected the Byzantine army to a demoralizing defeat at the Battle of Manzikert	42
245614783	sultan	military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country	43
245614784	sakk	a muslim invention, a letter of credit similar to a check	44
245614785	madrasas	Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century.	45
245614786	Arabic numerals	A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Used throughout western civilization today.	46
245614787	dar al-Islam	an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule	47
245614788	jihad	"struggle", a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up the religious standards set by the Qu'ran.	48
245614789	Umma	the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan	49