chapter 32 Flashcards

142798765	Boxer Rebellion	Movement (1899-1900) in which local militias attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians. Eventually put down by European and Japanese troops.	0
142798766	Boyar	A Russian noble.	1
142798767	Capitulation	Highly unfavorable trading agreements that the Ottoman Turks signed with the Europeans in the nineteenth century that symbolized the decline of the Ottomans.	2
142798768	Christianity	Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.	3
142798769	Civil Code of 1804	Napoleon's reform that granted political and legal equality to all men.	4
142798770	Cohong	Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation.	5
142798771	Confucianism	Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551-479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity.	6
142798772	Crimean War	Conflict between Russia and an Ottoman empire supported by a European coalition from 1853 to 1856. Russia lost, and the tsars were forced to reform their army and industry.	7
142798773	Daimyo	Powerful territorial lords in early modern Japan.	8
142798774	Diet	Legislative body created as one of the Meiji government's reforms or "gifts" to the people in 1889.	9
142798775	Duma	Russian parliament, established after the Revolution of 1905.	10
142798776	East India Company	British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces.	11
142798777	Grand Canal	Project that integrated the economies of northern and southern China.	12
142798778	Hundred Days of Reform	Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn China into a modern industrial power.	13
142798779	Intelligentsia	Term referring to the new social class of Russian intellectuals.	14
142798780	Islam	Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam.	15
142798781	Janissaries	Slave troops serving the Ottoman Empire.	16
142798782	Jesuits	Group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 that maintained high educational standards and served worldwide as missionaries.	17
142798783	Manchus	Manchurians who conquered China, putting an end to the Ming dynasty and founding the Qing dynasty (1644-1911).	18
142798784	Meiji Restoration	Restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by ***uzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan.	19
142798785	Muslim	A follower of Islam.	20
142798786	Neo-Confucianism	Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200).	21
142798787	Opium War	Conflict lasting from 1839 to 1842 in which the Chinese efforts to stop the opium trade were rejected and crushed by the British.	22
142798788	Ottoman empire	Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566).	23
142798789	Self-strengthening movement	Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology.	24
142798790	Serfs	Peasants who, while not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked.	25
142798791	St. Petersburg	New capital built by Peter the Great in 1703. Known as the "window on the west," the city served as headquarters for the navy and government.	26
142798792	Taiping Revolution	Rebellion (1850-1864) in Qing China led by Hong Xiuquan, during which twenty to thirty million were killed; the rebellion was symbolic of the decline of China during the nineteenth century.	27
142798793	Tanzimat	"Reorganization" era (1839-1876), an attempt to reorganize the Ottoman empire on Enlightenment and constitutional forms.	28
142798794	Three Principles of the People	Philosophy of Chinese Guomindang leader Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) that emphasized nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood.	29
142798795	Tokugawa	Last shogunate in Japanese history (1600-1867); it was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu who was notable for unifying Japan.	30
142798796	Treaty of Nanjing	British treaty with China in which they gain rights to the opium trade, most-favored-nation status, Hong Kong, and exemption from Chinese laws.	31
142798797	Tsar	Old Russian term for king that is derived from the term caesar.	32
142798798	Unequal Treaties	Series of treaties that forced trade concessions from the Qing dynasty of China.	33
142798799	Witte, Sergei	Late-nineteenth-century Russian minister of finance who pushed for industrialization.	34
142798800	Young Turks	Nineteenth-century Turkish reformers who pushed for changes within the Ottoman empire, such as universal suffrage and freedom of religion.	35
142798801	Zaibatsu	Japanese term for "wealthy cliques," which are similar to American trusts and cartels but usually organized around one family.	36
142798802	Zemstvos	District assemblies elected by Russians in the nineteenth century.	37