AP World History Chapter 23 Vocab Flashcards

143931405	Population Revolution	huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization	0
143931406	Protoindustrialization	Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full or part time producers who worked at home in a capatilist system in which materials,work,orders,and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution	1
143931407	American Revolution	Rebellion of the British-American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States	2
143931408	French Revolution	Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe	3
143931409	Louis XVI	Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution	4
143931410	Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen	Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements	5
143931411	Guillotine	Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror	6
143931412	Napoleon Bonaparte	Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815	7
143931413	Congress of Vienna	Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power	8
143931414	Liberalism	Political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited government, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional role and parliments.	9
143931415	Radicals	Followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring lower classes	10
143931416	Socialism	Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capatilistic exploitation of the working class	11
143931417	Nationalism	European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "-isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic orgins	12
143931418	Greek Revolution	Rebellion of Greeks againts the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintergration of the Turkish Balkan Empire	13
143931419	French Revolution of 1830	Second revolution against Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy	14
143931420	Belgian Revolution of 1830	Produced Belgian independence fromt eh Dutch; established constitutional monarchy	15
143931421	Reform Bill of 1832	British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class	16
143931422	James Watt	Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution	17
143931423	Factory System	Intensification of all the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline	18
143931424	Luddites	Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd	19
143931425	Chartist movement	Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s	20
143931426	French Revolution of 1848	Overthrew the French monarchy esablished in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic	21
143931427	Revolutions of 1848	the nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary; after temporary success they were surpressed	22
143931428	Louis Pasteur	Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him	23
143931429	Benjamin Disraeli	British politician ; granted the vote to working class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stablitity through reform	24
143931430	Count Camillo di Cavour	Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont	25
143931431	Otto von Bismarck	Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability	26
143931432	American Civil War (1861-1865)	Fought to prevent secession of the southern states;the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States	27
143931433	Transformismo	Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the status quo	28
143931434	Social Question	Issues relating to workers and women in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870	29
143931435	Karl Marx	German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production ; preached the inevibility of social revolution and the creation of proletarian dictatorship	30
143931436	Revisionism	Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions	31
143931437	Feminist Movement	Sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle class women	32
143931438	Mass Leisure Culture	An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation time and team sports	33
143931439	Charles Darwin	Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival	34
143931440	Albert Einstein	Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planeary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued theory of relativity	35
143931441	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses	36
143931442	Romanticism	19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflections	37
143931443	Triple Alliance	Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th-century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I	38
143931444	Triple Entente	Agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I	39
143931445	Balkan Nationalsim	Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crisises within the European alliance system that ended with outbreak of World War I	40
143931446	Industrial Revolution	Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 174 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, and developement of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production	41
143931447	Age of Revolution	Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848	42
143931448	Conservative	Political viewpoint with orgins in western Europe during the 19th-century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church	43
143931449	Imperialism	The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest	44