Ch. 18 Vocab Flashcards

142054338	flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and power loom	invention that made weaving cloth easier and faster, an early spinning machine with multiple spindles, a loom operated mechanically	0
142054339	James Watt	Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)	1
142054340	George Stephenson's Rocket	This was the name for the steam-powered locomotive created by George Stephenson that pulled carriages along iron rails. The railroad did not have to follow the course of a river. This meant that tracks could go places that rivers did not, allowing factory owners and merchants to ship goods swiftly and cheaply over land.	2
142054341	Factory Act of 1833	limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours-made no effort to regulate hours of work for children at home or in small businesses-children under 9 were to be enrolled by schools to be established by factory owners-broke pattern of whole families working together in the factory because efficiency required standardized shifts for all workers	3
142054342	the industrial middle class/ bourgeois	Wealthy middle class/ bourgeois: merchants, officials, lawyers, teachers, physicians, etc., a member of the middle class	4
142054343	utopian socialism	socialism achieved by voluntary sacrifice	5
142054344	the Congress of Vienna	Meeting between Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia after Napoleon's fall that had the goal of restoring order.	6
142054345	Klemens von Metternich	This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression	7
142054346	"principle of legitimacy"	Metternich's want to restore legitimate monarchs and preserve traditional institutions	8
142054347	conservation	the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources	9
142054348	Concert of Europe	a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions	10
142054349	political and economic liberalism	wanted a political structure that limited the excess power of the government, they wanted representitives from difrent parts of the country, they wanted a free econamy so that people were able to further themselves	11
142054350	German Confederation	consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action.	12
142054351	ministerial responsibility	the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected executive body and not to the executive officer	13
142054352	nationalism	love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it	14
142054353	Louis-Philippe	King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)	15
142054354	1848 Revolution	Government took over responsiblities of aiding the poor, disabled, and hurt workers from the church	16
142054355	Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte/ Napoleon III	elected first president of France, then declared self emperor	17
142054356	Frankfurt Assembly	1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany.	18
142054357	Austrian Empire	after the defeat of the Turks in 1687 Austria took control of all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia, thus establishing the Austrian Empire in southeastern Europe. It remained a collection of territories held together by the Habsburg emperor, who was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary.	19
142054358	peninsular elites	a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages, people born in Spain and Portugal; held most important government jobs and most important positions in catholic church	20
142054359	Father Hidalgo	spanish friar that led a rebellion in 1810	21
142054360	Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar	South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru, 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.	22
142054361	caudillos	Military dictator; gained control after independence movements	23
142054362	Augustin de Iturbide	Becomes dictator of Mexico in 1821. In 1824, he is successfully overthrown by moderate Creoles and Mestizos, and Mexico gains independence as a Republic.	24
142054363	Ottomon Empire	began to fall after West invaded end of the 18th century	25
142054364	Crimean War	a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia	26
142054365	Piedmont	the plateau between the coastal plain and the Appalachian Mountains: parts of Virginia and North and South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama	27
142054366	Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi	The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state, Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)	28
142054367	Otto von Bismarck and Realpolitik	German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898), politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations	29
142054368	battle of Koniggratz and Sedan	This battle in Bohemia resulted in a decisive Austrian defeat, ending the Austro-Prussian War., Final Battle of Franco-Prussian war; Napoleon III taken prisoner.	30
142054369	Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War	2 of the wars Prussia fought to unify Germany, also they had a war against Denmark.	31
142054370	Second German Empire	William I was proclaimed emperor of this empire on January 18, 1871	32
142054371	Reform Act of 1832	Increased suffrage; eliminated rotten and pocket boroughs	33
142054372	Queen Victoria	queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901 (1819-1901)	34
142054373	the Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich	regulated the relations between Austria and Hungary and established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary	35
142054374	Alexander II serf emancipation	Russian leader who did this to his serfs to help the Industrial Revolution	36
142054375	Andrew Jackson and Jacksonian democracy	7th president of the US, A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme.	37
142054376	Abraham Lincoln, emancipation, and the American Civil War	16th President of the United States, freeing someone from the control of another, civil war in the United States between the North and the South	38
142054377	John Macdonald, the British North American Act and the Dominion of Canada	First prime minister of Canada, created the Dominion of Canada in 1867, stated the power of the 2 govs., outlined how gov. would be structured and guarenteed protection for minority groups, •Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean	39
142054378	Romanticism	a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization	40
142054379	William Wordsworth	a romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the Lake District where he spent most of his life (1770-1850)	41
142054380	Casper David Friedrich and Eugene Delacroix	1774-1840, German Romantic Artist: "Wanderer above the Sea of Fog", French romantic painter (1798-1863)	42
142054381	Ludwig van Beethoven	German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music)	43
142054382	Dimitri Mendeleyev and Louis Pasteur	classified the material elements in the periodic table, French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)	44
142054383	Michael Faraday	the English physicist nd chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction (1791-1867)	45
142054384	Charles Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)	46
142054385	Realism	the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth	47
142054386	Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary	This Frenchman was the leading novelist of the 1850s and 1860s. He perfected the realist novel. His Madame Bovary (1857) was a straightforward description of barren and sordid provincial life in France. Emma Bovary, a woman of some vitality, is trapped in a marriage to a dull provincial doctor. She seeks to live a more romantic life like those in novels, but unfulfilled, she is driven to commit suicide. This man's hatred of bourgeois society was evident in his portrayal of middle-class hypocrisy and smugness. Madame Boveray so offended French middle-class sensibilities that the author was prosecuted-unsuccessfully- for public obscenity.	48
142054387	Gustave Courbet's The StoneBreakers	This man was the most famous artist of the Realist school. In fact, the word Realism was first coined in 1850 to describe one of his paintings. He reveled in a realistic portrayal of everyday life. His subjects were factory workers, peasants, and the wives of saloon keepers. "I have never seen either angels or goddesses, so I am not interested in painting them," he exclaimed. One of his famous works, The Stonebreakers, painted in 1849, shows two road workers breaking stones to build a road. This representation of human misery was a scandal to those who objected to his "cult of ugliness." To this man, no subject was too ordinary, too harsh, or too ugly to interest him.	49