Europe Minor History Test Flashcards
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| 255517990 | Franks | Germanic tribes that began to conquer other tribes in Europe | 0 | |
| 255517991 | Clovis | in 496, became the first FRANKISH king; converted to Christianity and forced his people to do the same - led to the rise of christianity | 1 | |
| 255517992 | Charles Martel | in 732, led his people to victory in the Battle of Tours and stopped the muslim advance into Europe | 2 | |
| 255949484 | Charlemagne | was the grandson of Charles Martel; king of the Franks as well as 1st named Holy Roman Emperor by pope who wanted to unite Germanic tribes into Christian kingdom (Christendom) | 3 | |
| 255949485 | Missi Dominici | nobles sent out by Charlemagne to check on roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice that done | 4 | |
| 255949486 | Treaty of Verdun | treaty in 843 that split up the holy roman empire in three regions after the death of Charlemagne | 5 | |
| 255949487 | Vikings | fierce warriors who threatened the security of Charlemagneʼs empire; paved way for feudalism (swore loyalty to their king) | 6 | |
| 255949488 | Lord | land-owning noble | 7 | |
| 255949489 | Vassal | person who receives land from a lord; a lesser lord | 8 | |
| 255949490 | Fief | piece of land | 9 | |
| 255949491 | Manor | landed estate | 10 | |
| 255949492 | Serfs | most peasants were serfs (legally tied to the manor) - were not permitted to leave | 11 | |
| 255949493 | Tithe | a church tax on the peasants of 1/10 of their income | 12 | |
| 255949494 | Feudalism | loosely organized system where powerful local lords divided their landholding among lesser lords in exchange for pledged services and loyalty | 13 | |
| 255949495 | Epidemic | outbreak of rapid spreading disease | 14 | |
| 255949496 | Black Death | early 1300ʼs - caused by bites from infected fleas; kills 1/3 of Europeʼs population during rule of King Edward III | 15 | |
| 255949497 | Great Schism | in 1378, two Popes were elected - people were forced to chose whom to follow; split between the Catholics and the Protestants | 16 | |
| 255949498 | Hundred Year's War | 1337-1453: war fought between France and England; CAUSES: Both want more land, English king Edward II claims crown in France as well, national pride, English wins first bit, France wins in long run. | 17 | |
| 255964013 | Shogun | supreme military commander | 18 | |
| 255964014 | Daimyo | vassals to shogun (vassal lords) | 19 | |
| 255964015 | Samurai | "those who serve" - were granted land by the daimyo in turn for service and loyalty | 20 | |
| 255964016 | Bushido | "the way of the warrior" - code emphasized honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty to one's lord | 21 | |
| 255964017 | Tokugawa Shogunate | period of Feudalistic military rule in Japan lasting over 300 years | 22 | |
| 255990922 | Florence | birthplace of the Renaissance | 23 | |
| 255990923 | What does Renaissance translate to? | French for rebirth | 24 | |
| 255990924 | Joan of Arc | 1429 - arrives in Charles VIIIʼs court, mission from God to save France; had a couple of triumphs but then he was executed | 25 | |
| 255990925 | Patron | financial supporter of the arts | 26 | |
| 255990926 | Medici Family | a powerful Italian family of bankers and merchants whose members effectively ruled Florence for much of the 15th century | 27 | |
| 255990927 | Cosimo Medici | gained control of the Florentine government in 1434 | 28 | |
| 255990928 | Humanism | intellectual thinking - focus on worldly subjects rather than religious ones | 29 | |
| 255990929 | Perspective | illusion of depth in a painting | 30 | |
| 255990930 | Engravings | etch a design on metal with acid | 31 | |
| 255990931 | Vernacular | everyday language of ordinary people | 32 | |
| 255990932 | Mannerism | form of art that focussed on human form; contained intricate poses | 33 | |
| 255990933 | Leonardo da Vinci | was born in 1452; painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; was interested in architecture and engineering as well; made sketches of underwater boats that had yet to be invented | 34 | |
| 255990934 | Michelangelo | Sculptor, artist, architect, and poet; sculpts Pieta (statue of Mary as she cradles dead Christ) and the David (statue of David prior to fight with Goliath); architect of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome | 35 | |
| 255990935 | Jan van Eyck | artist of "The Arnolfini Marriage" - signature on the wall and his reflection is in the mirror; founded the Flemish School of Painting | 36 | |
| 255990936 | Hubert Van Eyck | developed the use of oil paint | 37 | |
| 255990937 | Pieter Bruegel | used vibrant colors to portray lively scenes of peasant life | 38 | |
| 255990938 | El Greco | Spanish painter whose name translates to "the Greek"; known for use of vivid colors | 39 | |
| 256024678 | Absolute Monarch (Absolutism) | ruler with complete authority over the government as well as education, religion, and lives of the people | 40 | |
| 256024679 | Divine Right | authority to rule came directly from God | 41 | |
| 256024680 | Armada | Spanish fleet of warships | 42 | |
| 256024681 | Charles V | inherits Hapsburg Empire (Austria/Prussia) and Spain; elected as HRE; tried to bring Protestants from Germany back to the church; divided up the empire between his son, Phillip II (Spain) and his brother, Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Empire) | 43 | |
| 256024682 | Phillip II | son of Charles V; ruler of Spain; fought wars with Protestants especially Queen Elizabeth, built Escorial (royal palace), Patron of Spainʼs golden age with El Greco | 44 | |
| 256024683 | Wars of Phillip II | 1571-1588 - Spain vs England; Spain wanted to advance Catholic power; weather destroys most of Philipʼs armada = costly and unproductive | 45 | |
| 256024684 | Golden Age | 1550-1650; Phillip II was a patron of the arts | 46 | |
| 256024685 | Levee | rising; each morning began in the king's bedroom with this | 47 | |
| 256024686 | Edict of Nantes | granted Huguenots religious freedom; ended the French Wars of Religion | 48 | |
| 256024687 | Henry VI | was a Protestant who became king and converted to catholicism; granted the Edict of Nantes; build a strong government | 49 | |
| 256024688 | Louis XIV | known as the "Sun King"; disliked the Parliament; weakened nobleʼs power; War of Spanish Succession, Revoked Edict of Nantes = needed more Protestants | 50 | |
| 256024689 | Building of Versailles | Louis XIVʼs palace outside Paris - epitome of absolute monarch | 51 | |
| 256024690 | Limited Monarchy | constitution or legislative body limits monarch | 52 | |
| 256024691 | Commonwealth | English republic under Oliver Cromwell | 53 | |
| 256024692 | King John | forced to sign magna Carta | 54 | |
| 256024693 | Elizabeth I | sought "middle way"; tension with Parliament | 55 | |
| 256024694 | King James I | starts the Stuart Dynasty; believed in divine right; felt that he did not need to answer to the parliament; translated the bible (King James' bible); in charge of the settlements in America | 56 | |
| 256024695 | King Charles I | son of Charles I; believed in divine right; clashed with parliament over money - got rid of parliament; was forced to sign the Petition of Rights; causes the English Civil War; was beheaded | 57 | |
| 256024696 | Oliver Cromwell | military genius; Commonwealth with him as "Lord Protector" - Puritans came to power and shuts down all theaters and supporting events; responsible for the beheading of Charles I | 58 | |
| 256024697 | English Civil War | Cavaliers/loyalties (supports king) vs. Roundheads (support parliament); Cromwell (leader of the Puritans) captures Charles I and he is found guilty of treason and is beheaded | 59 | |
| 256024698 | King Charles II | a return to monarchy became possible - "The Restoration"; nicknamed the "Merry Monarch", parties, passed the Habeas Corpus Act - no cruel or unusual punishment; had 13 illegitament children - no heir to the throne | 60 | |
| 256024699 | King James II | Charles II's brother; was catholic; had issues with parliament = Glorious/Bloodless Revolution - overthrown by parliament without a fight | 61 | |
| 256024700 | William and Mary (daughter of James II) | force James II into exile; sign Bill of Rights limiting monarch's power and firmly established parliament | 62 | |
| 256024701 | Queen Anne | passed Act of Union - England and Scotland were now "united into one kingdom" | 63 | |
| 256025185 | Crusades | religious battles between Christians and Muslims for the Holy Land | 64 | |
| 256042201 | Peter the Great | travels to West Europe to learn; come back and wanted to 1) strengthen military 2) expansion and 3) more government power; took control of church and boyars (landowning nobles),better education, modernized Russia, War with Sweden, new capital St. Petersburg, | 65 | |
| 256042202 | Catherine the Great | was German; married to Czar Peter III who, in 1762,was killed by Russian army officials; crushed peasantʼs revolt; went to war with Ottomans & gained ports; partitions off Poland | 66 | |
| 256042203 | Frederick II | king of Prussia | 67 | |
| 256042204 | Joseph II | Hapsburg emperor and son/successor of Maria Theresa; most radical; traveled among subjects to learn of their problems so that he could help them - became known as the "peasant emperor"; abolished serfdom | 68 | |
| 256042205 | Thomas Hobbes | author of Levianthan - people are naturally greedy and selfish and therefore, must be controlled by a strict government; belief in a social contract (an agreement which person gave up state of nature for an organized society) | 69 | |
| 256042206 | John Locke | was optimistic; people were basically reasonable and moral and also had natural rights (rights that belonged to all humans from birth such as life, liberty, and property) | 70 | |
| 256042207 | Voltaire | Targets corruption and idle aristocrats; offends government and Catholic church; defended principle of freedom of speech; was exiled | 71 | |
| 256042208 | Mary Wollstonecraft | 1792 - publication of "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"; stands up for womenʼs rights; asks for education reforms | 72 | |
| 256042209 | Montesquieu | writes "The Spirit of the Laws"; favors democracy; not all equal - men superior to women; belief in checks and balances | 73 | |
| 256042210 | Jean-Jacques-Rousseau | Natural innocence, writes The Social Contract, controversial | 74 | |
| 256042211 | Enlightenment | revolution in thinking; if people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to find natural laws | 75 | |
| 256042212 | Enlightened Despots | absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political/social change; | 76 | |
| 256042213 | Constitutional Monarchy | a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written constitution | 77 |