Chapter 7 Reading Guide Flashcards

49856952	al-Mahdi	third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	0
49856953	Harun al-Rashid	most famous of the Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession	1
49856954	Buyids	regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invadded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under name of "sultan"; retained Abbasids as figureheads	2
49856955	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century; able to restore political initiative to the much reduced caliphate; ended threat of Shi'a conquest	3
49856956	Ottoman Empire	Turkic Empire established in Asia Minor/Middle East; responsible for conquest of Constantinople...end of Byzantine Empire; succeeded Seljuk Turks following retreat of Mongols	4
49856957	Crusades	series of military adventures initially launched by Western Christians to free the Holy Land (Muslims); temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian Kingdoms; later used for purposes of commercial wars and extermination of heresy	5
49856958	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts of Islam	6
49856959	Shah-Nama	written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	7
49856960	al-Ghazali	brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by Ulama	8
49856961	Ulama	Muslim orthodox religious scholars	9
49856962	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad and killed last Abbasid caliph	10
49856963	Chinggis Khan	born after the death of Kabul Khan; elected Khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as Abbasid region; died prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world	11
49856964	Hulegu	ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad	12
49856965	Mamluks	Muslim slave-warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut and halted Mongol advance	13
49856966	Muhammad Ibn Qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus Valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire	14
49856967	Mahmud of Ghazni	third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	15
49856968	Muhammad of Ghur	military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of N India; brought much of Indus Valley, Sind, and India under his control	16
49856969	Bhaktic Cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva	17
49856970	Malacca	Portugese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan Peninsula; traditionally, a center for trade among the SE Asian islands	18
49856971	Demak	most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports	19