Chapters 18-20 Test-Cole Flashcards

135440721	Ivan III (the Great)	centralized Russia	0
135440722	Ivan IV (The terrible)	became an absolute ruler, killed boyars who he suspected of conspiracy, serfs were treated worse and worse	1
135440723	Peter I (The Great)	wanted to Westernize, had the boyars cut off their beards, would travel incognito to Europe, mainly, seeking allies	2
135440724	Catherine II (The Great)	put down multiple serf rebellions, westernized, her husband was retarded and she assumed power	3
135440725	boyars	Russian elite/nobles	4
135440726	cossacks	peasant adventurers who explored Russia's new lands; combined farming with military strategies	5
135440727	Westernization	cultural diffusion of European ideas, technologies, and cultural aspects spreading to other countries	6
135440728	Third Rome	Ivan III insisted that Russia had succeeded Byzantium as this	7
135440729	Time of Troubles	after Ivan IV death, he had no successor; boyars fought, often killing each other, for the throne; Poland and Sweden were attacking	8
135440730	Romanov Dynasty	starting with Micheal (closest decendent to Ivan IV at the time), it continued until 1917	9
135440731	Micheal Romanov	reestablished internal order after the Time of Troubles, expanded Russia (Kiev, to Ottoman border), first of the Romanov dynasty	10
135440732	Alexis Romanov	abolished nobles and gained more power over the Russian church, wanting to reform it, 2nd Romanov	11
135440733	Old Believers	were exiled to Siberia by Alexis Romanov b/c they were conservatives and did not want to reform the church	12
135440734	tsar	Russian for "Caesar", absolute ruler	13
135440735	Chancery of Secret Police	Peter I established it, and it lasted until the 1990s, surviving under different names (KGB?) and functions	14
135440736	St. Petersburg	after Peter won against Sweden to gain an ice-free port, he built this grand city to glorify himself	15
135440737	Great Northern War	Russia defeated Sweden at sea, Russia received Estonia, Livonia, and Ingria, while Sweden received Finland	16
135440738	Pugachev rebellion	led by Emelian Pugachev, Catherine I used it as an excuse to further the powers of the central government	17
135440739	partitions of Poland	in 1772,1793,and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state. Russia got the best deal out of the countries	18
135440740	serfdom	1/2 of the peasantry in Russia in 1800, could be bought, sold, gambled away, and punished by their masters; in 1785, a law was passed that tightened landlord power	19
135440741	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile	the married couple who united the Iberian peninsula and outlawed all Jew (had to convert or leave)	20
135440742	encomiendas	large estates and grants of Indian laborers, where used to settle the Americas, owned by encomenderos	21
135440743	Chronology of Conquest	1492-1570: main lines of administration and economy 1570-1700: colonial institutions and societies took form 18th century: reform and reorganization ----> revolt	22
135440744	Caribbean Crucible	the islands who were a test run for colonies to come	23
135440745	Hernan Cortes	the leader of an expedition of 600 men to the coast of Mexico where they brought down the Aztecs (Moctezuma II); Tenochtitlan was replaced by Mexico City	24
135440746	Francisco Pizarro	led the conquest of the Incas, who were already weakened by civil war; Spanish moved capital city, Lima, closer to the coast	25
135440747	Francisco Vazquez de Coronado	searched for the legendary cities of gold and traveled as far north as Kansas	26
135440748	Pedro de Valdivia	set up the city of Santiago in 1541, after defeating the Araucanian Indians	27
135440749	Bartolome de Las Casas	thought Indians were children of God and had done nothing to hurt Christians, had the right to be shown the path of God, and conversions should be peaceful	28
135440750	Juan Gines de Sepulveda	thought Indians aren't humans b/c they don't accept Christianity so violence is allowed and conversions should be forced	29
135440751	Ferdinand Magellan	sailed around the globe, but died before he could return to Europe (Magellan Strait)	30
135440752	Treaty of Tordesillas	in 1494, the pope declared everything West of the line (370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Is.) is Spain's, east is Portugal's	31
135440753	exploitation of the Indians	were killed by disease and Europeans, but also were wanted for their lands and for laborers, causing their population to decrease	32
135440754	mita	forced labor (but w/ a wage), made Indians work in mines and on other projects in Peru	33
135440755	Potosi	in present day Bolivia, the largest mine (80% of Peruvian silver) was discovered; 160,000 people lived/worked there	34
135440756	Huancavelica	a mountain containing mercury essential to silver mining	35
135440757	haciendas	rural estates using Indians for labor	36
135440758	Casa de Contratacion (Board of Trad)	based in Seville, all goods going and coming from Spain was funneled into as to keep records, registered ships and passengers, and worked in conjunction with a merchant guild	37
135440759	consulado	the merchant guild which handled most of the silver; kept tight control over the trade, keeping prices high	38
135440760	galleons	large and heavily armed ships used to transport goods (silver)	39
135440761	letrados	lawyers from Spain who have graduated from a university	40
135440762	Recopilacion	codified and simplified the laws into the basis for government in the colonies	41
135440763	Council of the Indies	the king ruled through this, issuing the laws and advising the king	42
135440764	viceroyalties	high-ranking nobles who were direct representatives of the King, one in Mexico City and another in Lima	43
135440765	audiencias	the vieroyalties subdivisions, staffed by professional royal magistrates who help to make and apply the law	44