chapter 24 Flashcards

126079231	Absolutism	Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the French king Louis XIV was the classic example.	0
126079232	Boyar	A Russian noble.	1
126079233	Capitalism	An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market.	2
126079234	Catholic Reformation	Sixteenth-century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits.	3
126079235	Sixteenth-century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits.	Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.	4
126079236	Copernican Universe	Copernicus' suggestion in 1543 that the sun, rather than the earth, was the center of the universe.	5
126079237	Cossacks	The "free warriors" of southern Russia, noted as cavalrymen.	6
126079238	Council of Trent	Catholic attempt (1545-1563) that sought to direct reform of the Roman Catholic Church.	7
126079239	Deism	An Enlightenment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity; in deism, the universe was an orderly realm maintained by rational and natural laws.	8
126079240	East India Company	British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces.	9
126079241	Enlightenment	Eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition; it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution.	10
126079242	Holy Roman Empire	Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in in 843 and lasting until 1806.	11
126079243	Humanists	Renaissance scholars interested in moral philosophy, history, and literature, drawing inspiration from classical texts.	12
126079244	Indulgences	Remissions of the punishment of a Christian's sins that could be purchased from the Roman Catholic Church.	13
126079245	Jesuits	Group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 that maintained high educational standards and served worldwide as missionaries.	14
126079246	Joint-stock companies	Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk.	15
126079247	Law Code of 1649	Code enacted by Catharine II placing Russian serfs under the tight control of landlords.	16
126079248	Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy	Newton's 1686 work in which he offers mathematical explanations of the laws that govern the physical world.	17
126079249	Ottoman empire	Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566).	18
126079250	Peace of Westphalia	Treaty ending the Thirty Years' War that lays the foundation for independent sovereign states.	19
126079251	Protestant Reformation	Sixteenth-century European movement during which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from the Catholic church.	20
126079252	Ptolemaic Universe	The theory that the earth is motionless and surrounded by nine spheres. Could not account for observable planetary movements, but was consistent with Christian theory of creation.	21
126079253	Putting-out system	Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion.	22
126079254	Spanish Inquisition	Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions; subjects of persecution included Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and witches.	23
126079255	Sun King	Name of French King Louis IVX, a powerful absolute monarch.	24
126079256	The Social Contract	Rousseau's work in which he advocates social and political equality and freedom.	25
126079257	Thirty Years' War	Conflict lasting from 1618 to 1648 starting in Bohemia and eventually involving much of Europe.	26
126079258	United East India Company (VOC)	Dutch joint-stock company, founded in 1602, that operated Dutch trading posts with government support but with little government oversight.	27
126079259	Vernacular	The language of the people; Martin Luther translated the Bible from the Latin of the Catholic church into the vernacular German.	28
126079260	Versailles	Palace of French King Louis XIV.	29
126079261	Voltaire	Pen name of French philosophe Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), author of Candide.	30