Chapter 4 Key Terms AP World Flashcards

209604518	Cyrus the Great	Famous Persian Emperor, controlled people and land across Middle East and into North West India.	0
209604519	Pericles	Famous Greek Politician, dominated Athenian Government in 5th Century BCE. Not able to prevent wars between Athens and Sparta. (Peloponnesian War)	1
209604520	Alexander the Great	Extended the Greek Empire begun by his father into the Persian Empire, all the way to India. He died very young after conquest. Brought Greek culture to conquered areas.	2
209604521	Hellenistic Period	The spread of Greek technologies, culture, art, education. Mixed with culture in Middle East. Alexandria was established as important scientific research center.	3
209604522	Punic Wars	Wars during 264-146 BCE. Between Roman Republic and Carthage OVER DOMINANCE OF MEDITERRANEAN. Hannibal of Carthage was unable to stop the Romans, who conquered Greece, North Africa, and Egypt.	4
209604523	Julius Caesar	Dictator of the Roman Republic who effectively ended the republic. Successor Augustus formed the empire.	5
209604524	Diocletian and Constantine	2 powerful emperors toward the end of the Roman Empire, tried to reverse the fall of Rome. There efforts did not work. Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople, and allowed freedom of worship for Christians.	6
209604525	Greek City-States	Independent cities of Greek. United language and religion, however they each had different forms of governing.	7
209604526	Senate	A body of legislative peoples, composed mainly of wealthy aristocrats.	8
209604527	Consuls	The executive power group, 2 men.	9
209604528	Cicero	Roman writer and senator who expounded on the value of oratory in political discourse.	10
209604529	Socrates	A leading figure in the development of classical Mediterranean philosophy. He encouraged his students to question CONVENTIONAL WISDOM. His work symbolized Greco-Roman emphasis on the POWER of HUMAN THOUGHT.	11
209604530	Plato	Socrates PUPIL. Suggested humans could have an understanding of the perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty.	12
209604531	Aristotle	Student of Plato, developed logic in scientific reasoning in the western sense. STRESSED VALUE OF MODERATION in ALL THINGS.	13
209604532	Stoics	Adherents of this Greek philosophy emphasized an inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline and personal bravery.	14
209604533	Sophocles	Athenian dramatist who specialized in psycho tragedies.	15
209604534	Iliad	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer. Defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos.	16
209604535	Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian	Three forms of Greek columns that represent what is still known as classical architecture. Doric is the simplest; Corinthian is the most elaborate.	17
209604536	Battle of Marathon	Battle where the persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army.	18
209604537	Xerxes	Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for ealier Persian defeats by the Greeks.	19
209604538	Themistocles	Athenian leader who helped lead the Athenian navy during the Persian Wars; this led to the defeat of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis.	20
209604539	Battle of Thermopylae	Spartan king Leonidas and his army of Spartans and Greeks refused to surrender to the Persian army.	21
209604540	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion developed by the prophet Zoroaster around 600 BCE, in which is taught that life is a battle between opposing forces of good and evil, humans having to choose.	22
209604541	Olympic Games	Festival and athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus to which all Greek city-states sent representatives.	23
209604542	Peloponnesian Wars	Involved Athens and its allies against Sparta and its allies. Sparta won, many Greek City-States were weakened.	24
209604543	Phillip II of Macedon	King of Macedon, defeated army of Thebes and Athens. Became ruler of many Greek City States, father of Alexander the Great.	25
209604544	Alexandria	Important scientific research center in Egypt. A large seaport	26
209604545	Roman Republic	Balanced constitution of Rome, aristocratic Senate, panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies.	27
209604546	Carthage	City-State in north Africa, founded by the Phoenicians, destroyed by Romans in Punic Wars.	28
209604547	Hannibal	Carthaginian general, led troops into Italy during second Punic War; defeated at the Battle of Zama by the Romans.	29
209604548	Augustus Caesar	Restored order to Rome after political chaos. Assumed title of Augustus and instituted monarchical government. First emperor of Rome.	30
209604549	Polis	Greek work for city-state.	31
209604550	Tyranny	Government based on the rule of an absolute ruler.	32
209604551	Direct democracy	Government based on the rule of the vote of the people.	33
209604552	Aristocracy	A government based on the rule of the best in the society.	34
209604553	Twelve Tables	Roman law code, developed in response to the democratization of the Roman Republic.	35
209604554	Mystery Religions	Religions from the Middle East, featured secret rituals, greater sense of contact with the divine. Competed with early Christianity.	36
209604555	Herodotus	Greek historian, called Father of History. Wrote an account of the Persian Wars.	37
209604556	Phythagoras	Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theorems still used in geometry today.	38
209604557	Galen	Hellenistic physician and writer who wrote many medical treatises that formed the basis of modern medical practice.	39
209604558	Euclid	Hellenistic mathematician who produced what was long the world's most widely used compendium of geometry.	40
209604559	Ptolemy	Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth.	41
209604560	Sappho	One of the great poets of the ancient Greeks; her poetry developed the complex inner working of human beings and love.	42
209604561	Vergil	Greatest Roman poets during the Golden Ages of Latin Lit.	43