Intellectual Revolution Figures Flashcards

127975411	James	one of the founders of pragmatism (the philosophical belief that truth is only that which is practical or workable-with practical utility being the final test) thereby rejecting absolute truths; thus emphasized materialism	0
127975412	Mendel	father of modern genetics by formulating definite laws of heredity	1
127975413	freud	Austrian physician whose ideas about the workings of the human brain laid the foundations for modern psychology his ideas about unconscious thought and his development of psychoanalysis revolutionized human thought and the arts	2
127975414	Lister	founded antiseptic surgery	3
127975415	Einstein	German physicist who revolutionized his field for the first time since Newton displaced the simple, uniform world of Newtonian physics	4
127975416	Roentgen	discovered x-rays	5
127975417	Pavlov	Russian psychologist and discoverer of the "conditioned reflex" response in his famous experiment with dog which became the basis of the behaviorist school of psychology	6
127975418	Hegel	German philosopher best known for his dialectical process of progress through conflict (thesis, antithesis, synthesis)	7
127975419	Hertz	discovered and demonstrated electromagnetic waves	8
127975420	Planck	introduced the quantum theory of energy	9
127975421	Comte	founded sociology (the study of human behavior both individual and group)	10
127975422	Splengler	set forth his cyclic theory of history in his "The Decline of the West" in which he maintained that each civilization passed through a four-period cycle like a flower, having its spring, summer, autumn, and winter basis of the common phrase "history repeats itself"	11
127975423	Schopeharer	author of the pessimistic and realistic "The World as Will and Idea" which maintained that "will" was the ultimate reality, a blind, irrational impelling force which meant never-ending strife and pain with only two possible escapes; a temporary escape through esthetic contemplation of the arts, and ultimate salvation through a Buddhistic negation of the will and the world	12
127975424	Toynbee	author of the "challenge and response" theory of history; optimistic view of a civilization "rising to the challenges" presented to it; history often taught in his way	13
127975425	Nietzche	pessimistic in believing that man was dominated by the brute passions, and in his "Thus Spake Zarathustra" showed contempt for both Christianity and socialism, calling for a new kind of man- a superman who would stress courage, daring, honesty, self-control, and self-expression; influential on the NAZIs	14
127975426	Carlyle	author of the "great me" theory of history on his "On Heroes, Hero-worship, and the Heroic in History" established the principle of studying history through the lives of "great" men	15
127975427	Pasteur	introduced the germ theory of disease and founded modern bacteriology and immunization	16
127975428	von Ranke	founded modern objective approach to the study of history	17
127975429	Darwin	English naturalist whose theories about the evolution of all living beings revolutionized the natural sciences and challenged traditional beliefs and theology	18
127975430	Curie	one of the first great female scientists, she helped to found the study of radioactivity by discovering radium	19