AP World: Chapter 17 Flashcards

128499680	absolute monarchy	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies	0
128499681	Anglican church	Form of protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death	1
128499682	Jean Calvin	French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America	2
128499683	Catholic Reformation	Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs	3
128499684	Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe	4
128499685	Deism	Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun	5
128499686	René Descartes	Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then developed laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature	6
128499687	edict of Nantes	Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions	7
128499688	English Civil War	Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king	8
128499689	European-stye family	Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married	9
128499690	Frederick the Great	Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy	10
128499691	Galileo	Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work	11
128499692	Glorious Revolution	English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king	12
128499693	Johannes Gutenberg	Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed books and pamphlets	13
128499694	William Harvey	English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump	14
128499695	humanism	A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor, the philosophy of the Renaissance	15
128499696	Jesuits	A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia	16
128499697	John Locke	English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses; argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants	17
128499698	Louis XIV	French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy	18
128499699	Niccolo Machiavelli	Author of The Prince, a realistic discussion of seizing and maintaining power, influential Italian Renaissance author	19
128499700	Martin Luther	German monk, initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church	20
128499701	Isaac Newton	English scientist during the 17th century; author of Princi Pia; drew various astronomical and physocal observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; est. principles of motion; defined forces of gravity	21
128499702	parliamentary monarchy	Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments	22
128499703	proletariat	Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries	23
128499704	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517, many varieties of religious belief	24
128499705	Scientific Revolution	Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages	25
128499706	Adam Smith	Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces	26
128499707	Thirty Years' War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	27
128499708	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic	28
128499709	witchcraft persecution	Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590-1650; particularly common in Protestant areas	29
128499710	Mary Wollstonecraft	Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women	30