AP World History Ch. 1-5 Flashcards

215070517	Shi Huangdi	founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E.	0
215070518	Qin dynasty	established in 221 B.C.E. at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 B.C.E.	1
215070519	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 B.C.E.; ruled for the next 400 years	2
215070520	dynasty	a family of kings	3
215070521	Zhou	originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew the Shang and established second historical Chinese dynasty that flourished 1122 to 256 B.C.E.	4
215070522	Confucius	also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese pilosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi	5
215070523	Great Wall	Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi	6
215070524	Silk Road	a network of roads through central Asia known collectively as this	7
215070525	Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age	the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	8
215070526	Neolithic (New Stone) Age	the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	9
215070527	Neolithic revolution	the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E.	10
215070528	hunting and gathering	the original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries	11
215070529	Bronze Age	from about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it	12
215070530	Homo sapiens sapiens	the humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period	13
215070531	slash and burn agriculture	a system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire then planted	14
215070532	band	a level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis	15
215070533	Çatal Hüyük	early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification	16
215070534	civilization	societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups	17
215070535	cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	18
215070536	nomads	cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	19
215070537	Mesopotamia	literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys	20
215070538	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states	21
215070539	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes	22
215070540	city-state	a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	23
215070541	Babylonian Empire	unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.	24
215070542	Hammurabi	(r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.) the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law	25
215070543	pharaoh	title of kings of ancient Egypt	26
215070544	pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	27
215070545	Kush	an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	28
215070546	Indus River valley	river sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization	29
215070547	Harappa	along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	30
215070548	Mohenjo Daro	along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	31
215070549	Yellow River	also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in china	32
215070550	Shang	first Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E.	33
215070551	oracles	shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	34
215070552	ideographs	pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	35
215070553	Chichimecs	people regarded barbarous by the Mexicans; literally means "sons of the dog"	36
215070554	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	37
215070555	monotheism	the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization	38
215070556	Buddha	creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under botree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things	39
215118793	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures	40
215118794	Himalayas	mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics	41
215118795	monsoons	seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains	42
215118796	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society	43
215118797	Sanskrit	the sacred and classical Indian language	44
215118798	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	45
215118799	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form	46
215118800	Ramayana	one of the great epic tales from classical India; traces of adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E.	47
215118801	Upanishads	Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority	48
215118802	varnas	clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes- Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas	49
215118803	untouchables	law social caste in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting-street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning	50
215118804	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior	51
215118805	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization	52
215118806	Mauryan	dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following invasion by Alexander the Great	53
215118807	Ashoka	Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire	54
215118808	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life	55
215118809	Kushans	those that lived in the African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	56
215118810	Guptas	dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E.; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire	57
215118811	Kautilya	political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of warfare	58
215118812	gurus	originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas	59
215118813	Shiva	Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change	60
215118814	Vishnu	the Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped	61
215118815	reincarnation	the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives	62
215118816	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility	63
215118817	Kamasutra	written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking	64
215118818	stupas	stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms	65
215118819	scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China	66
215118820	Cyrus the Great	established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires	67
215118821	Zoroastrianism	animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian empire	68
215118822	Olympic Games	one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by al Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations	69
215118823	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War	70
215118824	Peloponnesian Wars	wars from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece	71
215118825	Philip II	ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority	72
215118826	Hellenistic period	that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	73
215118827	Alexandra, Egypt	one of the cities founded by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies	74
215118828	Roman republic	the balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies	75
215118829	Punic Wars	fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts	76
215118830	Carthage	Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean	77
215118831	Hannibal	Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama	78
215118832	Caesar, Julius	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 B.C.E. by conservative senators	79
215118833	Augustus Caesar	name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome	80
215118834	Diocletian	Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection	81
215118835	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually	82
215118836	polis	city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E.	83
215118837	direct democracy	where people participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders, rather than electing representatives	84
215118838	Senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution	85
215118839	consuls	two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	86
215118840	Cicero	Conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar	87
215118841	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	88
215118842	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery	89
215118843	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	90
215118844	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex	91
215118845	Iliad	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos	92
215118846	Odyssey	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos	93
215118847	Doric	along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles	94
215118848	Ionic	along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate than Doric but less than Corinthian	95
215118849	Corinthian	along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles	96
215184049	Axum	kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroë in first century C.E.; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity	97
215184050	Ethiopia	a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa	98
215184051	Sahara	desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa	99
215184052	Shinto	religion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshipped numerous gods and sprits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayers made to gods and nature spirits	100
215184053	Olmec culture	cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems	101
215184054	Teotihuacan	site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000	102
215184055	Maya	classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion	103
215184056	Inca	group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire	104
215184057	Polynesia	islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island	105
215184058	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E. in China promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic	106
215184059	Sui	dynasty that succeeded the Han in China; emerged from strong rulers in northern China; united all of northern China and reconquered southern China	107
215184060	Tang	dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E.; more stable that previous dynasty	108
215184061	Rajput	regional princes in western India; emphasized military control of their regions	109
215184062	Devi	Mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of the Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual	110
215184063	Islam	major world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad	111
215184064	Allah	supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	112
215184065	Byzantine Empire	eastern half of Roman empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople	113
215184066	Justinian	early Byzantine emperor, responsible for major building in Constantinople and a codification of Roman law; his efforts to recapture some additional previously Roman territory ended in failure	114
215184067	Augustine (Saint)	influential church father and theologian (354-430 C.E.); born in Africa and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination	115
215184068	Coptic	Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover	116
215184069	bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetimes; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness	117
215184070	Mahayana	Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior	118
215184071	Jesus of Nazareth	prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c. 30 C.E.	119
215184072	Paul	one of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language of Church	120
215184073	pope	bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe	121
215184074	Benedict of Nursia	founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire	122
215184075	animism	a religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions	123