AP World History (Unit 4) Flashcards

129838080	Enlightenment	- 18th century philosophical movement that began in France - its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or traditions - it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution - revolutionary leaders in Europe and the Americas readily adopted the ideas of this time when justifying their efforts to overhaul the political and social structures they inherited	0
129838081	Philosophes	- for example: John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - rarely challenged monarchical rule, but sought instead o make kings responsible to the people the governed - philosophical thinkers - called for freedom and equality and began to question long-standing notions of sovereignty - the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment	1
129838082	Locke	- first name: John - English philosopher - 1632 - 1704 - formulated one of the most influential theories or contractual government - 'Second Treatise of Civil Government' - believed that government arose in the remote past when people decided to work together, form civil society, and appoint rulers to protect and promote their common interests - according to him, because individuals voluntarily formed society and established government, rulers derived their authority from the consent of those whom they governed	2
129838083	Rousseau	- first name: Jean-Jacques - most prominent advocate of political equality - French-Swiss philosopher - 1712 - 1778 - identified with simple working people and deeply resented the privileges enjoyed by the elite classes - wrote 'The Social Contract' (1762) - argued that members of a society were collectively the sovereign; in an ideal society, all individuals would participate directly in the formulation of policy and the creation of laws	3
129838084	Montesquieu	- also known as Charles Louis de Secondat - French nobleman - 1689 - 1755 - sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state	4
135960806	Adam Smith	- Scottish philosopher - 1723- 1790 - held that society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests - most important of the early apostles of capitalism - turned his attention to economic affairs and held hat laws of supply and demand determine what happens in the marketplace	5
135960807	Napoleon - rise, code, empire, waterloo, 3 things he's known for	- rise: was a brilliant military leader in King Louis XVI's army; supported the Revolution and defended the Directory; joined the Directory in 1799 then later overthrew them and took over France - code: a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society; affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals qualified for education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing - empire: worked to stabilize France and extend his authority throughout Europe - waterloo: Napoleon's final defeat came from the hands of the Duke of Wellington and this battle (in present day Belgium on June 18, 1815); he was attempting to escape to the USA but was caught and imprisoned - 3 things: the Napoleonic code, the invasion of pain and the Louisiana Purchase	6
135960808	Simon Bolivar	- creole elite in SOuth America - 1783-1830 - led the movement for independence in south america - george washington was his role model - fervent republican steeped in enlightenment ideas about popular sovereignty	7