Chapter 6 Flashcards

114581550	Islam	major world religion having its origins in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad	0
114581551	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children	1
114581552	Allah	supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	2
114581553	hijra	the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era.	3
114581554	five pillars	the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	4
114581555	Abu Bakr	first caliph after death of muhammad	5
114581556	Uthman	third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	6
114581557	Sunnis	political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads	7
114581558	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	8
114581559	Abbassid	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE	9
114581560	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	10
114581561	Muslims	adherents of Islam.	11
114581562	Mecca	city located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam	12
114581563	Umayyad	clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750	13
114581564	Muhammad	prophet of Islam; born c 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632	14
114581565	umma	community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	15
114581566	hajj	a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba	16
114581567	Ridda Wars	wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	17
114581568	Battle of Siffin	fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	18
114581569	Shi'a	also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali	19
114581570	mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	20
114581571	ayan	the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	21
114581572	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	22
114581573	Medina	also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)	23
114581574	Ka'ba	most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	24
114581575	Qu'ran	recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	25
114581576	zakat	tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	26
114581577	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	27
114581578	jihad	struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith	28
114581579	Mu'awiya	leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	29
114581580	Karbala	site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	30
114581581	dhimmis	literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists	31
114581582	Baghdad	capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	32
114581583	caliph	the political and religious successor to Muhammad	33
114581584	harem	the part of a Muslim palace or house reserved for the residence of women	34