Chapter 4 Flashcards

114593815	Cyrus the Great	Established massive Persian Empire by 550 BCE; successor state to Mesopotamian empires	0
114593816	Zoroastrianism	Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire	1
114593817	Hellenistic Age	That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	2
114593818	Peloponnesian Wars	Wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece	3
114593819	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 BCE; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures	4
114593820	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex	5
114593821	Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian	distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; Doric- least ornate; Ionian- more ornate than Doric, but less so that Corinthian; Corinthian- most ornate	6
114593822	Illiad and the Odyssey	Greek epic poems attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths	7
114593823	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	8
114593824	Plato	Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled	9
114593825	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	10
114593826	Cicero	Conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar	11
114593827	Punic Wars	Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts	12
114593828	city-state	a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	13
114593829	Persian Wars	two Persian attacks on Greece in the early 5th century	14
114593830	Phillip II	Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority	15
114593831	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators	16
114593832	Roman Republic	The balanced constitution of Rome from c510 to 47 BCE; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies	17
114593833	direct democracy	Literally rule of the people; as interpreted in Athens, all decisions emanated from popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives	18
114593834	Carthage	Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean	19
114593835	Hannibal	Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama	20
114593836	Augustus Caesar	Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome	21
114593837	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 CE; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually	22
114593838	Twelve Tables	First code of laws introduced by early Roman Republic; introduced by 450 BCE	23
114593839	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War	24
114593840	Diocletian	Roman emperor from 284 to 305 CE; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection	25
114593841	Greek city-states	city-states in Greece; featured democracy	26
114593842	senate	Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution	27
114593843	consuls	Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	28
114593844	stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery	29