Chapter 7 Flashcards

114573994	al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	0
114573995	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	1
114573996	Shah-Nama	written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	2
114573997	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	3
114573998	Demak	most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports	4
114573999	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi, proclaimed himself Sultan of India	5
114574000	Shrivijaya	trading empire centered on Malacca straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion	6
114574001	Harun al-Rashid	most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependant on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession	7
114574002	Crusades	series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian Kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	8
114574003	Sufis	mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions	9
114574004	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	10
114574005	Mahmud of Ghazni	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	11
114574006	bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	12
114574007	Malacca	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands	13
114574008	Buyids	regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	14
114574009	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; re-conquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	15
114574010	ulama	orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	16
114574011	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world	17
114574012	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire	18
114574013	Muhammad of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control	19
114574014	Kabir	Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	20
114574015	Vishnu	The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped	21
114574016	sultan	the sovereign of an Islamic country	22
114574017	shiva	Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change	23
114574018	rajas	a king or prince in India	24
114574019	sati	ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands	25
114574020	Ibn Khaldun	a Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute	26
114574021	Rubiyat	in Persian literature, genre of poetry, a quatrain with a rhyme scheme aaba. With the masnavi, the rhymed couplet, it is a purely Persian poetic genre and not a borrowing from the Arabic, as were the formal ode (qasidah) and the love lyric (ghazal). It was adopted and used in other countries under Persian influence	27
114574022	arabic numerals	the characters 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, in general European use since the 12th century.	28
114574023	Mira Bai	(1498-1547) celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	29
114574024	lateen	triangular sails attached to the mass of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship	30
114574025	Hulegu	(1217-1265) ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257	31
114574026	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	32