Pre-AP World History Final-People Flashcards

184404822	Alexis Romanov	Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox Church.	0
184404823	Charlemagne	Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800.	1
184404824	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in the battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.	2
184404825	Empress Wu	Tang ruler 690- 705 C.E. in China; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddhas created.	3
184404826	Clovis	Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom.	4
184404827	Macchiavelli	Author of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of the Renaissance.	5
184404828	Mary Wollstonecraft	Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women.	6
184404829	Peter Abelard	Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.	7
184404830	Bernard Clairvaux	A monk who challenged Abelard. He stressed the importance of mystical union with God and God's truth must be received through faith alone.	8
184404831	John Locke	English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason; argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants.	9
184404832	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of western European expansion.	10
184404833	Giotto	A Florentine painter who painted a realistic fly on Cimabue's painting	11
184404834	William the Conqueror	Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system of England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.	12
184404835	Adam Smith	Established liberal economics (His book, Wealth of Nations); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of operation of market forces.	13
184404836	Thomas Aquinas	Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at the University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God.	14
184404837	Ashikaga Takuaji	Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336- 1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino.	15
184404838	Justinian	Eastern Roman Emperor between 527 and 565 C.E.; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law.	16
184404839	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.	17
184404840	Ivan III	Also know as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar-equivalent of emperor.	18
184404841	Ivan IV	Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist aristocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocracy); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.	19
184404842	Frederick the Great	Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.	20
184404843	Sundiata	The "Lion-Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260.	21
184404844	Mansa Musa	One of Sundiata's successors who made a pilgrimage to Mecca to 1324 and brought the attention of the Muslim world to Mali.	22
184404845	Alexander the Great	Successor of the Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.	23
184404846	Diocletian	Roman Emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection.	24
184404847	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of CHristianity to unify empire spiritually.	25
184404848	Yoritomo Minimoto	Leader of the victorious Minamoto who weakened regime. He killed many family members to protect his throne.	26
184404849	William Harvey	English physician who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump.	27
184404850	Martin Luther	German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of the Wittenberg church emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic Church; accepted state control of church.	28
184404851	Jean Calvin	French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva ; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education ; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America.	29
184404852	Abbasids	The people who stated their own dynasty. They defeated the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam.	30
184404853	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632.	31
184404854	Shi'as	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali.	32
184404855	Sunnis	Political and theological division within Islam; followers of the Umayyads.	33
184404856	Almoravids	A puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of Northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain.	34
184404857	Almohadis	A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into Sub-Sahara Africa.	35
184404858	Benedict of Nursia	Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rule in Byzantine Empire.	36
184404859	Cyril & Methodius	Missionaries sent by the Byzantine Government to eastern Europe and the Balkans ; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic called Cyrillic.	37
184404860	Inca	Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire.	38
184404861	Zhenghe	Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded series of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo, between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire.	39
184404862	Kublai Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271.	40
184404863	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following the death of Kubal Khan; elected khangan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms in China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227. prior to the conquest of most of the Islamic world.	41
184404864	Denis Diderot	A leader of the French Enlightenment. He worked on the Encyclopédie.	42
184404865	Erasmus	A philosopher who was one of the fathers of humanism.	43
184404866	Botticelli	A Renaissance Artist who painted The Birth of Venus and Primavera.	44
184404867	Francis Bacon	A scientist who came up with the scientific method.	45
184404868	Aztecs	A group of people after the Toltecs who settled at Lake Texcoco.	46
184404869	Leonardo da Vinci	A scientist and artist. He painted The Last Supper. He also drew the Virtruvian Man	47
184405629	Sufis	Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Europe.	48
184405630	Peter III	He was emperor who was assassinated by his wife, Catherine the Great.	49