history test Flashcards

100163473	ulama	muslim scholars	0
100163474	umma	Muslim religious community	1
100163475	zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	2
100163476	five pillars	beliefs that all Muslims needed to carry out: Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, and Pilgrimage	3
100163477	ramadan	month in which muslims fast	4
100163478	hajj	pilgrimage to Mecca	5
100163479	caliph	the title of the successor to Muhammad	6
100163480	abu bakr	first caliph after death of muhammad	7
100163481	ridda wars	wars that followed muhammad's death; resulted in the defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of islam	8
100163482	jihad	Islamic holy war	9
100163483	copts	christian sects of egypt	10
100163484	nestorians	a christian sect found in asia	11
100163485	uthman	third caliph of Muslims	12
100163486	battle of siffin	fought in 657 between forces of ali and umayyads	13
100163487	muawiya	caliph of Umayyad Dynasty, 661-680	14
100163488	sunnis	claimed that the only mediator between believers and Allah was the Koran	15
100163489	shias	don't believe in the caliph	16
100163490	karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	17
100163491	mawali	non-arab converts to islam	18
100163492	jizya	per capita tax on non-Muslim adult males to freely worship	19
100163493	dhimmi	people of the book	20
100163494	hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad.	21
100163495	abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.	22
100163496	battle of the river zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	23
100163497	baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	24
100163498	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire	25
100163499	dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	26
100163500	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	27
100163501	lateen	Traiangular sail that catches the wind from sides and back	28
100163502	al mahdi	third abbasid caliph	29
100163503	harun al rashid	caliph (r. 786-809) who is responsible for a Golden Age in the Muslim World and the House of Wisdom in Baghdad	30
100163504	buyids	Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads	31
100163505	Seljuk turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly	32
100163506	crusades	A series of military expeditions launched by Christian Europeans to win the Holy land back from Muslim control.	33
100163507	saladin	(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem	34
100163508	ibn khaldun	an early Muslim Historian	35
100163509	shah nama	an exquisite piece of Islamic art, depicting an epic history by Firdawsi.	36
100163510	al ghazali	most important of Sufis, Persian theologian, Human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah	37
100163511	mongols	A member of any of the traditionally nomadic peoples of Mongolia	38
100163512	chinggis kahn	Mongral leader who conqured part of the Abissid region	39
100163513	hulegu	ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad	40
100163514	mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	41
100163515	Muhammad of ghazni	led a series of expeditions that began 2 centuries of Muslim raiding and conquest in northern India	42
100163516	muhammad of ghur	military commander of persian extraction; began attempt to establish muslim control of india	43
100163517	bhaktic cults	Hindu religious groups who believed in a relationship with the deities	44
100163518	mira bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	45
100163519	kabir	Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	46
100163520	Srivijaya	Southeast Asian kingdom, based on the island of Sumatra that used a powerful navy to dominate trade.	47
100163521	malacca	Port town that the Portuguese seized, giving them control of the strait with the same name	48
100163522	demak	most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports	49
100163523	swahili	a Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast	50
100163524	sharia	Islamic Law	51
100163525	hausa	West African people who lived in what is now Northern Nigeria after AD 1000	52
100163526	songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated Middle reaches of Niger Valley; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali	53
100163527	Medina	Muhammed fled to _______	54
100163528	Kaaba	important shrine in mecca	55