Chapter 12 Flashcards

114555748	gunpowder	an explosive mixture invented by the Chinese.	0
114555749	Li Yuan, Duke of Tang	(566-635) minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu.	1
114555750	Chan Buddhism	Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society.	2
114555751	Yang Guifei	(719-756) Royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into royal administration led to revolt.	3
114555752	Zhu Xi	(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action.	4
114555753	Wendi	(541-604) Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic people of northern China; established Sui dynasty.	5
114555754	Empress Wu	Tang ruler 690- 705 CE in China; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created.	6
114555755	Lio Dynasty	Founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China.	7
114555756	Khitan	Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century.	8
114555757	Grand Canal	Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.	9
114555758	jin	Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty; ended 1234.	10
114555759	Southern Song	Rump state of Song dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of much larger domains ruled by the Tang and northern Song; culturally one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history.	11
114555760	Li Bo	(701-762) most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.	12
114555761	Ministry of Public Rites	Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars.	13
114555762	Pure Land Buddhism	Emphasized Salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society.	14
114555763	Xuanzong	Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion.	15
114555764	Wang Anshi	Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society.	16
114555765	Yangdi	Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618.	17
114555766	jinshi	Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office.	18
114555767	Wuzong	Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840's; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology.	19
114555768	Zhao Kuangyin	(r. 960-976) Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent.	20
114555769	Jurchens	Founders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south.	21
114555770	sinified	Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam.	22
114555771	Neo-Confucians	Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.	23
114555772	junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula.	24
114555773	flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency.	25
114555774	Hangzhou	Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.	26
114555775	footbinding	Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.	27