Unit 3 AP Flashcards

51754674	capitalism	an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.	0
51754675	mercantilism	an economic system (Europe in 18th Century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests	1
51754676	adam smith	Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)	2
51754677	hernan cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	3
51754678	moctezuma II	(1466-1520) Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortés and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army.	4
51754679	fransico pizzaro	Conquerd the Inca	5
51754680	atahualpa	Ruler of the Inca Empire when conquered by Pizarro	6
51754681	econmienda system	Spanish Crown's granting to individual conquistadores of authority over amerindian villages and land, Spanish Crown's granting to individual conquistadores of authority over amerindian villages and land	7
51754682	repartimiento system	required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor anually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation	8
51754683	charles V	Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).	9
51754684	philip II	son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223)	10
51754685	martin luther	a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.	11
51754686	indulgence	an inability to resist the gratification of whims and desires	12
51754687	95 theses	written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences	13
51754688	john calvin	Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)	14
51754689	anglican	a Protestant who is a follower of Anglicanism	15
51754690	council of trent	an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation	16
51754691	jesuits	Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.	17
51754692	ignatius loyola	Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.	18
51754693	elizabeth I	Queen of England from 1558 to 1603	19
51754694	spanish armada	the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588	20
51754695	dutch east india company	Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.	21
51754696	louis XIV	king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)	22
51754697	napoleonic wars	a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times	23
51754698	nation-state	a state that combines power and controls many things	24
51754699	serfdom	Lords in Eastern Europe revived serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges. Lords demanded that kings and princes issue laws restricting or eliminating peasants' right of moving freely	25
51754700	peter the great	ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia	26
51754701	catherine the great	Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)	27
51754702	ottoman empire	a Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe	28
51754703	mughal empire	a period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s	29
51754704	matteo ricci	An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary of China	30
51754705	shogun	a hereditary military dictator of Japan	31
51754706	samurai	a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy	32
51754707	absolute monarch	ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people	33
51754708	agrarian	pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform	34
51754709	cash crop	a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)	35
51754710	circumnavigate	to sail around the world	36
51754711	colonization	system of settling new lands that remain under the government of their native land	37
51754712	commonwealth	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	38
51754713	demography	the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations	39
51754714	divine right	the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God	40
51754715	monopoly	Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices.	41
51754716	urbanization	the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban	42
51754717	utopia	a book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island	43
51754718	akbar	Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.	44
51754719	columbian exchange	The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans	45
51754720	counter reformation	the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)	46
51754721	reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	47
51754722	edict of nantes	1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.	48
51754723	elizabeth I of england	She supported the northern protestant cause as a safeguard against Spain attacking England. She had her rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded. Elizabeth I of England succeeded Mary and reestablished Protestantism in England.	49
51754724	henry VIII	son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547	50
51754725	huguenots	French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.	51
51754726	janissary corps	those Christian slaves who were not selected for the Ottoman bureaucracy served loyally instead in the Turkish army	52
51754727	scientific method	a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses	53
51754728	scientific revolution	an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method	54
51754729	enlightenment	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions	55
51754730	suleiman the magnificant	powerful ruler of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th Century	56
51754731	dar al-islam	a leader of islam who led the gazis to take over territory under his name	57
51754732	gazis	turkish warriors inspired by islam to conquer territories and bring them under Dar al-islam	58
51754733	sufis	a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	59
51754734	jizya	per capita tax on non-Muslim adult males to freely worship	60
51754735	syncretism	the fusion of originally different inflected forms (resulting in a reduction in the use of inflections)	61
51754736	sikhs	Nonviolent religous group that blended Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism	62
51754737	conurbation	an aggregation or continuous network of urban communities	63
51754738	thomas hobbes	English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)	64
51754739	john locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)	65
51754740	glorious revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.	66
51754741	english bill of rights	King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.	67
51754742	parliament	a card game in which you play your sevens and other cards in sequence in the same suit as their sevens	68
51754743	social contact	an agreement among the people to set up a governmetnt and obey the laws.	69
51754744	empricism	the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses and science flourishes through observation and experiment	70
51754745	copernicius	scientist who said that sun was the center of the universe.Wrote heliocentric theory	71
51754746	heliocentric theory	Every thing revolves around the sun studied by Galelo and Copernicus	72
51754747	geocentric theory	Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian	73
51754748	galileo galilei	Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars	74
51754749	issac newton	mathematician, made gravity laws and the laws of motion	75
51754750	voltaire	French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)	76
51754751	enlightened despostism	absolute ruler with enlightened ideas	77
51754752	parliament	a legislative assembly in certain countries	78