Chapter 4 Reading Guide Flashcards
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| 49537176 | Cyrus the Great | established massive Persian Empire by 550 BCE; successor state to Mesopotamian Empires | 0 | |
| 49537177 | Zoroastrianism | animist religion that saw material existence as battles between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of the Persian Empire | 1 | |
| 49537178 | Olympic Games | one of the Pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations; still held today between many countries of the world | 2 | |
| 49537179 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during the 5th century BCE; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian war; said citizens could participate in city-state assemblies to select officials and pass laws | 3 | |
| 49537180 | Peloponnesian Wars | Greek world splits into rival camps (Athens and Sparta); fighting engulfs Greece for 27 years; brings an end to Athenian domination; both city-states lose soldiers and resources | 4 | |
| 49537181 | Philip II of Macedon | ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece which was subjected to Macedonian authority; father of Alexander the Great | 5 | |
| 49537182 | Hellenistic Period | time where Greek art and culture merge with influences from the Middle East; culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests | 6 | |
| 49537183 | Alexandria | a city in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; became a major center of literary studies | 7 | |
| 49537184 | Roman Republic | balanced constitution of Rome; aristocratic senate; panel of magistrates; several popular assemblies | 8 | |
| 49537185 | Punic Wars | fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after 3 separate conflicts | 9 | |
| 49537186 | Carthage | became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean | 10 | |
| 49537187 | Hannibal | great Carthaginian general during 2nd Punic War; successfully invaded Italy, but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama; fought with elephants | 11 | |
| 49537188 | Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284-305 CE; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection; set up the Tetrarchy to slow down the decline of Roman civilization | 12 | |
| 49537189 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312-337 CE; established 2nd capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually; legalized Christianity in 313 with the Edict of Milan after the Battle of Milvian Bridge | 13 | |
| 49537190 | Polis | city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800-400 BCE | 14 | |
| 49537191 | Direct Democracy | literally "rule of the people"; as interpreted in Athens, all decisions emanated from popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives | 15 | |
| 49537192 | Senate | assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman Constitution | 16 | |
| 49537193 | Consuls | 2 chief executives or magistrates of the Roman Republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy | 17 | |
| 49537194 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 18 | |
| 49537195 | Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery | 19 | |
| 49537196 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian youth | 20 | |
| 49537197 | Plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled | 21 | |
| 49538210 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex | 22 | |
| 49538211 | Illiad/Odyssey | Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos; influence for later Greek literature; linked history with mythology | 23 | |
| 49538212 | Doric Columns | least ornate of the 3 types of architecture | 24 | |
| 49538213 | Ionic Columns | most common of the 3 types of architecture | 25 | |
| 49538214 | Corinthian Columns | most ornate and least common of the 3 types of architecture | 26 |