World History I AP Trimester 2 Exam (Woodlawn Flashcards

55119593	bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	0
55119594	Mecca	City located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam.	1
55119595	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 660 to 750.	2
55119596	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shine in Islam.	3
55119597	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca.	4
55119598	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632.	5
55119599	Qu'ran	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam.	6
55119600	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a.	7
55119601	zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims.	8
55119602	five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj.	9
55119603	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	10
55119604	hajj	A Muslim's pilgramage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	11
55119605	caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad.	12
55119606	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community.	13
55119607	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity in Islam.	14
55119608	jihads	Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith.	15
55119609	Sunni	Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads.	16
55119610	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali.	17
55119611	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.	18
55119612	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	19
55119613	Vikings	Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweeden, Demnark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the the 8th to the 11th centuries.	20
55119614	manorialism	System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciporocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.	21
55119615	serf	Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages.	22
55119616	vassals	Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty.	23
55119617	moldboard	Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval period	24