Ch 8 WHAP Flashcards

11723738	Stateless Societies	organized around kinship or other forms of obligation & lacking the concentration of political power & authority we normally associate w/ the state; sometimes grew larger & more extensive; had forms of government but power held by council of families versus just 1 ruler; small concentration of power & had minimal affect over people's lives	0
11723739	Maghrib:	Arabic word for western north Africa	1
11723740	Almoravids:	early 11th century; the followers of a great puritanical reformist movement; grew among the desert Berbers of the western Sahara;	2
11723741	Almohads	another reformist group in 1130 among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Saharan Africa	3
11723742	Ethiopia	a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa	4
11723743	Lalibela	the ruler of Axum who sponsored a remarkable building project in which 11 great churches were sculpted from the rock in the town that bore his name	5
11723744	Sahel	extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara	6
11723745	Sudanic States	often had a patriarch or council of elders of a particular family or group of lineages as leaders; had a territorial core area where people were of the same race or spoke the same language, but power extended over subordinate communities; these were conquest states that drew on taxes, tribute, & military support	7
11723746	Mali	a state of the savannah country, between the desert & the forests of west Africa; formed by the Malinke people; success attributed to its access to gold & control of the caravan routes & large army; ruling families converted to Islam; local customs & food less refined than the "elegant courts";	8
11723747	Juula	Malinke merchants who formed small partnerships & groups to carry out trade throughout the area;	9
11723748	Mansa	emperor	10
11723749	Mansa Kankan Musa	(1312-1337); most famous of Sundiata's successors; brought al-Sahili to build mosques, etc...	11
11723750	Ishak al-Sahili	a poet & architect who directed the building of several important mosques, & a distinctive form of Sudanic architecture	12
11723751	Sundiata	a brilliant leader whose exploits were celebrated in a great oral tradition	13
11723752	Griots	professional oral historians who also served as keepers of traditions & advisors to the kings	14
11723753	Timbuktu	port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library & university	15
11723754	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali	16
11723755	Muhammad the Great	extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century;	17
11723756	Hausa States	people of northern Nigeria formed these states; formed following the demise of the Songhay Empire & combined Muslim & pagan tradition	18
11723757	Zenj	Arabic term for the east African coast	19
11723758	East African Trading Ports	opened Africa up to Islamic as well as other influences	20
11723759	Ibn Batuta	Arab traveler who described African societies & cultures in his travel journals	21
11723760	Nok	a village in the forests of central Nigeria; inhabitants practiced agriculture & used iron tools; remain a mystery	22
11723761	Yoruba	spoke a non-Bantu language of the west African Kwa family & recognized a certain affinity between themselves & neighboring peoples such as the Hausa; organized in small city-states; highly urbanized, though many inhabitants farmed in the surrounding countryside; c-s developed under regional kings	23
11723762	Ile-Ife	a city among the Yoruba-speaking peoples of central Nigeria; seen as the birthplace of the Yoruba, holiest city; an agricultural society dominated by a ruling family and an aristocracy	24
11723763	Benin	formed sometime in the 14th century; territory extended from Niger River to the coast near modern Lagos under Ewuare the Great	25
11723764	Luba	modified the older system of village headmen to a form of divine kinship in which the ruler and his relatives were thought to have a special power that ensured fertility of people & crops in Katanga	26
11723765	Kongo Kingdom	based on agriculture; formed on the lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy	27
11723766	Zimbabwe	stone house sites that housed local rulers & subchiefs	28
11723767	Great Zimbabwe	largest "Zimbabwe"; Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi & Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa	29
11723768	Mwene Mutapa	title of a king in Great Zimbabwe	30
11723769	Islamization	helped link Muslim Africa w/ the outside world through trade, religion & politics	31
11723770	Bantu Migration	migrated due to over population; helped spread culture throughout Africa	32
11723771	Ifriqiya	what the Romans had called Africa	33
11723772	Jihad	a holy war waged to purify, spread, or protect the faith	34
11723773	Axum	kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroe in the first century AD; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity	35
11723774	Ghana	founded in the 3rd century; rose to power by taxing the salt & gold exchanged within its borders; by 10th century, rulers had converted to Islam & was at the height of its power	36
11723775	Sunni Ali Ber	1464-1492; a great tactical commander & ruthless leader; his cavalry expanded the borders of and seized the traditional trading cities of Timbuktu & Jenne; middle Niger valley fell under his control & he developed a system of provincial administration to mobilize recruits for the army & rule the far-flung conquests; he was Muslim; succeeded by the askia	37
11723776	Caliph	ruling title of Islamic people	38
11723777	Matrilineal	traced ancestors through the mother	39
11723778	Sharia	Islamic law	40