Chapter 17-19 Flashcards

42659492	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472)	0
42659493	Council of the Indies	The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilites.	1
42659494	Bartolome de Las Casas	First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476	2
42659495	Potosi	Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)	3
42659496	Encomienda	A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)	4
42659497	Creoles	In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)	5
42659498	Mestizo	The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)	6
42659499	Mulatto	The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484)	7
42659500	Indentured Servant	A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486)	8
42659501	House of Burgesses	Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. (p. 486)	9
42659502	Pilgrims	Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487)	10
42659503	Puritans	English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. (p. 487)	11
42659504	Iroquois Confederacy	An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)	12
42659505	New France	French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)	13
42659506	Coureurs de bois	(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)	14
42659507	Tupac Amaru II	Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family.	15
42659508	Atlantic System	The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)	16
42659509	Chartered Companies	Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly of trade in the West Indies colonies.	17
42659510	Dutch West India Company	Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498)	18
42659511	Plantocracy	In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. (p. 502)	19
42659512	Driver	A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 503)	20
42659513	Seasoning	An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. (p. 504)	21
42659514	Manumission	A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505)	22
42659515	Maroon	A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505)	23
42659516	Capitalism	The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy. (506)	24
42659517	Mercantilism	European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country 506	25
42659518	Royal African Company	A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)	26
42659519	Atlantic Circuit	The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.	27
42659520	Middle Passage	The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.	28
42659521	Songhai	A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade.	29
42659522	Hausa	An agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Aside from their brief incorporation into the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained autonomous until the Sokoto Calipphate conquered them in the early nineteenth century.	30
42659523	Bornu	A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth.	31