chapter 12 notecards by Riley McLeran Flashcards

93032201	Wang Anshi	Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society. -fought for government-funded projects and agriculture	0
93032202	Yang Guifei	Royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into royal administration led to revolt. - Xuanzong fell in love with her	1
93032203	jinshi	Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office. -got new luxuries and rights	2
93032204	flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency. -led to development of paper money	3
93032205	Yangdi	Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618. -favored large, unnecessary construction projects and luxurious lifestyle	4
93032206	Zhu Xi	Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action. -argued for morals and education	5
93032207	Grand Canal	Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long. -allowed South to become a powerful economic force	6
93032208	Changan	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.	7
93032209	Chan Buddhism	Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society. - mainly for the educated	8
93032210	Xi Xia	Kingdom of Tangut people, north of Song kingdom, in mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry. -protected Song in return for money	9
93032211	pure land Buddhism	Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society. -provided refuge from war and hate	10
93032212	neo-Confucians	Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences. - wanted morals and education to be important	11
93032213	Tangut	Rulers of Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China; one of regional kingdoms during period of southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226. -took advantage of weakness caused by Khitans	12
93032214	Ministry of Rites	Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars. - graduating from one set you up to become an important person	13
93032215	Xuanzong	Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion. - stopped Empress Wei	14
93032216	junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula. - made China a better trader	15
93032217	Jurchens	Founders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south. - fought into Song territory	16
93032218	Zhao Kuangyin	general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. -considered the most noble and honest of all generals of the last Five Dynasties	17
93032219	Jin	Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty. - eventually spread into Qin territory	18
93032220	Liao dynasty	Founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China. -set precedent for weak Song rulers	19
93032221	Wendi	Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty. -did not support Confucian scholar-gentry	20
93032222	Khitans	Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century. - founded Liao dynasty	21
93032223	Wuzong	Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology. -openly abused Buddhism	22
93032224	Li Bo	Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. - similar to Persian writers	23
93032225	Southern Song	Rump state of Song dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of much larger domains ruled by the Tang and northern Song; culturally one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history. -had many cultural developments	24
93032226	Empress Wu	Tang ruler 690-705 c.e. in China; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created. -most important Tang ruler for supporting Buddhism	25
93032227	Zen Buddhism	Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty. - mainly for the educated	26
93032228	Li Yuan	Also known as Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu. -laid basis for golden age of Tang	27
93032229	Hangzhou	Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million. - one of the largest and most cultural cities on Earth	28
93032230	footbinding	Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted woman's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. - Asia's version of Islam's veil	29