Chapter 6 (Islam and its Origins) Flashcards

95522895	Bedouin	Nomads of the Arabian Peninsula with a culture based on herding and goats	0
95522896	Shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and cleans within Bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children.	1
95522897	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam.	2
95522898	Medina	Town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its inter group differences. Muhammad's flight to Medina, the Hijra, in 622 began the Muslim.	3
95522899	Umayyad	Clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty.	4
95522900	Ka'ba	Revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca, incorporated into Muslim worship	5
95522901	Qur'an	The word of God as revealed by Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	6
95522902	Umma	Community of the faithful within Islam	7
95522903	Zakat	Tax charity obligatory for all Muslims	8
95522904	Five pillars	The obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; profession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	9
95522905	Caliph	The successor to as the head of the Islamic community	10
95522906	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of Shi'ism	11
95522907	Abu Bakr	Succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	12
95522908	Ridda Wars	Wars following Muhammad's death; the defeats of rival prophets and the opponents restored the unity of Islam.	13
95522909	Jihad	Islamic holy war	14
95522910	Uthman	Third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali	15
95522911	Battle Of Siffin	Battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negations that fragmented Ali's party	16
95522912	Mu'awiya	First Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus	17
95522913	Sunni	Followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	18
95522914	Shi'a	Followers of Ali's interpretations of Islam	19
95522915	Karbala	Site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali	20
95522916	Mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	21
95522917	Jizya	Head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands	22
95522918	Dhimmis	"The people of the book", Jews, Christians, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	23
95522919	Abbasids	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was Baghdad.	24
95522920	Wazir	Chief admin official under the Abbasids	25
95522921	Ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids	26
95522922	Quraysh Bedouin Tribe	The Umayyad clan of this tribe founded the city of Mecca	27
95522923	Allah	Islamic term for God	28
95522924	Khadjidah	First wife of Muhammad	29
95522925	Hijra	Term used to describe Muhammad's flight to Medina; marks the first year of the Islamic calendar	30
95522926	Ramadan	The ninth month of the Islamic year that requires daily fasting form sunrise to sunset	31
95522927	Hajj	Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam	32
95522928	Damascus	Ancient Islamic cultural center, capital of present day Syria	33
95522929	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	34
95522930	Battle of River Zab	Battle in 750 CE in which Abbasid forces met and defeated an army led by the Umayyad caliph near the Tigris River; the Abbasid victory opened the way for the conquest of Syria and the capture of the Umayyad capital	35
95522931	Baghdad	Ancient Islamic cultural center on the Tigris River; capital of present-day Iraq	36
95522932	Dhows	Ships with lateen sails and raised deck at the stern; used along the coasts of east Africa and the Middle East	37
95522933	Mosque	Islamic temple and place of worship	38