Ch 6 AP World History Flashcards

98190548	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	0
98190549	Ka'ba	one of the most revered religious shrines in the pre islamic Arabia	1
98190550	Caliph	successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims	2
98190551	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	3
98190552	Ramadan	the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset	4
98190553	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire	5
98190554	Mosque	an Islamic place of worship	6
98190555	Shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children	7
98190556	Qur'an	Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.	8
98190557	Ali	the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites	9
98190558	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	10
98190559	Mawali	non-arab converts to islam	11
98190560	Ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	12
98190561	Hajj	pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam	13
98190562	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Mohammad and the future center of Islam	14
98190563	umma	community of the faithful	15
98190564	Abu Bakr	first caliph after death of muhammad	16
98190565	Mu'awiya	caliph of Umayyad Dynasty, 661-680; capital was Damascus	17
98190566	Jizya	Head tax paid by all non Muslims in Islamic territories.	18
98190567	Allah	Muslim name for the one and only God	19
98190568	Damascus	ancient Islamic cultural center	20
98190569	Medina	town NE of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the Hijra, 622, began the Muslim calendar	21
98190570	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	22
98190571	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	23
98190572	Sunni	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads.	24
98190573	Dhimmis	literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus	25
98190574	Khadijah	widow of a wealthy merchant; Muhammad worked for her and later married her	26
98190575	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	27
98190576	Umayyads	clans of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy in Mecca; later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam	28
98190577	Five Pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	29
98190578	Jihad	Islamic holy war	30
98190579	Shi'a	a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam	31
98190580	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; victories against Umayyad communities led to the conquest of Syria and the capture of the Umayyad capital	32
98190581	Hijra	The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam	33
98190582	Dhows	Ship with lateen sails and raised deck at the stern; used along the coasts of east Africa and the Middle East.	34
98190583	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	35
98190584	Quraysh Bedouin tribe	this umayyad clan founded Mecca	36
98190585	Battle of River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital.	37
98190586	Baghdad	Ancient Islamic cultural center on the Tigris River; capital of the present day Iraq.	38
98190587	Ridda wars began	633-634	39
98190588	end of Umayyad dynasty	750	40
98190589	Muhammad flees from Mecca to Medina	622	41
98190590	assassination of Uthman	656	42
98190591	Battle of Siffin	657	43
98190592	Muhammad receives 1st revelations	610	44
98190593	Compare and Contrast the Islamic beliefs and the Christians Beliefs.	Islamic: 5 pillars, centered in Mecca, god worked though Muhamad, tax for charity (zakat) Both: one God, have a founder, spread through trade, book of beliefs (Bible and Qur'an), period of fasting Christian: orginally centered in Middle East, god sent his only son, governing leaders over cities (bishops), trinity,	45
98190594	Reasons/causes for the rise and spread of islam	trade, built large empires and conquered others, conversion, jihads to force Islam to people, Ridda wars to defeat prophets of other clans, holy city was moved from Mecca To Damascus, writing system, authors, built mosques	46