Mr. Treat AP Vocab Flashcards

Desert Ridge High School Mr. Treat AP World Studies Vocab

61186578	agricultural village	a farming-based settlement; relatively small in population	0
61186579	fertile crescent	a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates	1
61186580	sumer	A region of city-states in Mesopotamia that was home to the first civilization.	2
61186581	sargon of akkad	A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire.	3
61186582	gilgamesh	the epic story of the king, Gilgamesh, who searched for immortality. This is a Sumerian legend and is believed to be the first story	4
61186583	ziggurat	an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower	5
61186584	pictograms	the earliest forms of writing in which pictures represent words or ideas	6
61186585	cuneiform	Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets	7
61186586	ideograms	pictures that symbolize an idea or action	8
61186587	code of hammurabi	set of laws that dealt with business practices, property ownership, medical practice, marrige, and childcare	9
61186588	shang dynasty	Dynasty in china that established the mandate of heaven.	10
61186589	ma'at	Principle of truth, morality, justice, and order	11
61186590	pyramid	Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom	12
61186591	old kingdom	the age of pyramids. when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization complexity and achievement	13
61186592	middle kingdom	no more pyramids, pharoh had less power, & they traded with outside countries	14
61186593	aryans	nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system	15
61186594	caste system	a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity	16
61186595	babylonians	they extended their own empire and therefore helped bring civilization to the Middle East; Hammurabi introduced his code of law; it established rules of procedure for courts of law and regulated property rights and the duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes	17
61186596	hittites	People who were among the first to master ironworking, meaning they could make the strongest weapons of the time. They also used the chariot, a wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle which allowed soldiers to move quickly around a battlefield and fire arrows at their enemy.	18
61186597	zhou dynasty	the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism	19
61186598	oracle bones	animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future	20
61186599	sage kings	Legendary rulers of China c. 2800-c. 2200.	21
61186600	anyang	the ancient Chinese capital of the Shang Dynasty	22
61186601	mandate of heaven	In chinese history, the belief the rulers had the gods approval to rule	23
61186602	nubia	East African trading empire that developed south of Egypt on the Nile River	24
61186603	olmecs	priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion	25
61186604	teotihuacan	an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas, first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".	26
61186605	maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.	27
61186606	moche	Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313)	28
61186607	chimu	powerful lowland kingdom in Andes; irrigation systems, capital city Chanchan, had well defined social order	29
61186608	chavin	First major urban civilization in South America. Capital is de Huantar, was located in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Has 2 distinct ecological zones, the Peruvian Costal Plain and the Andean Foothills.	30
61186609	nok culture	An African culture that existed around 500 BCE in Northern Nigeria. They lived along the Niger river and produced terra cotta sculptures.	31
61186610	zapotecs	Civilization that flourished in southern Mexico's Oaxaca Valley (c. 500 B.C.E. to C.E. 600) -- developed own writting system, architecture modified	32
61186611	hegemony	dominance, especially of one political body over another	33
61186612	republic	A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting	34
61186613	oligarch	One of several people who rule a country or empire together, sharing the power.	35
61186614	indo-european	A family of languages consisting of most of the languages of Europe as well as those of Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and other parts of Asia	36
61186615	assyrians	known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire	37
61186616	hatshepsut	first and only woman to serve as a pharoah, life peaceful at home (no wars) wore mens clothing and the false beard, improved trading, and built many temples & obelisks	38
61186617	triumvirate	In ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government.	39
61186618	julius caesar	Roman general and dictator. He was murdered by a group of senators and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic.	40
61186619	satrapy	the twenty provinces that Darius divided the empire into; each province was ruled by a governor	41
61186620	zoroastrianism	dual gods of equal power to form early monotheism; Persian; cosmic struggle over good and bad; those that do good go to heaven and bad go to hell; influenced Judaism and Christianity	42
61186621	minoans	a seafaring and trading people that lived on the island of Crete from about 2000-1400 BC	43
61186622	mycenaeans	first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy	44
61186623	polis	Greek city-state	45
61186624	dominance	superior development of one side of the body	46
61186625	athens	Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.	47
61186626	democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	48
61186627	solon	abolished debt slavery and freed slaves. limited land allowed to be owned and extended citizenship. stopped the sale of grain. citizens gained more power	49
61186628	hoplite	a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece.	50
61186629	peloponnesian war	a war between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 b.c., that resulted in the transfer of hegemony in Greece from Athens to Sparta.	51
61186630	alexander the great	son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world	52
61186631	hellenistic	Describing Greek history or culture after the death of Alexander the Great	53
61186632	cyrus the great	A remarkable leader who managed to reunite the Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world	54
61186633	hyksos	the people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes.	55
61186634	new kingdom	The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory.	56
61186635	akhenaten	Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66)	57
61186636	pax romana	A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.	58
61186637	punic wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	59
61186638	plebian	an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman republic	60
61186639	paterfamilias	male dominance in the family	61
61186640	octavian augustus	Caesar's nephew, physically weak/nerdy; after beating Cleopatra and Antony he became 1st emperor of Rome	62
61186641	mark antony	Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide	63
61186642	cleopatra VII	Ruler of egypt 51-30BC, mistress of Caesar, mother of Caesarion (Ptolemy XV). After Cesar's asassination, Cleopatra became the mistress of the Roman general Marc Antony.	64
61186643	battle of actium	battle between Marcus Antony and Octavian for control of the empire. Octavian won in 31 B.C.	65
61186644	stoicism	Human reason is the source of virtue, perfection, and happiness	66
61186645	constantine	Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159)	67
61186646	edict of milan	a ruling by Constantine that allowed Christians to openly practice their faith in the Roman empire.	68
61186647	oligarchy	a system of government in which a small group holds power	69
61186648	warring states period	the period from 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC when regional warlords battled amongst eachother and there was no ruler	70
61186649	legalism	Strict, literal adherence to the law or to a particular code, as of religion or morality.	71
61186650	daoism	philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural event	72
61186651	han dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization	73
61186652	liu bang	helped overthrow Qin dynasty, 1st emperor of the Han dynasty, was born a peasant and worked way up to emperor	74
61186653	wudi	ruled the chinese empire from 140-86 b.c; brought the han dynasty to its peak; expanded the chinese empire; made confusionism the state religion	75
61186654	yellow turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in China promising a Golden Age to be brought by divine magic	76
61186655	qin dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	77
61186656	qin shi huangdi	qin ruler; wanted to unify china; known for his book burning; not popular, scholars and poor people hated him; built great wall to protect china	78
61186657	confucius	He taught that people are basically good, should be tolerant of others and respect the elderly.	79
61186658	indo-aryans	a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages	80
61186659	brahmin	A priest who held the highest position in Aryan society.	81
61186660	chandragupta maurya	He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.	82
61186661	mauryan empire	185 BCE, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty, was the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India	83
61186662	siddartha guatama	the first Buddha who set forth the Four Noble Truth, The Middle Way to Nirvana, and The Eight-fold Path.	84
61186663	gupta empire	Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism	85
61186664	chandra gupta I	(r. 320-330) Established the Gupta Empire but came form no historical background. He married a princess of the powerful Licchaui lineage and named himself after the founder of the Mauryan Empire.	86
61186665	hunas	The group who attacked the Guptas, leading to their fall.	87
61186666	monsoon	a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter	88
61186667	asoka	grandson of Chandragupta; most honored emperor for his commitment to spreading peace and prosperity to all; was buddhist but accepted other religions; decline came after his death	89
61186668	vedas	sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests	90
61186669	hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	91
61186670	brahmanas	The second of four ancient hymns which deals with directions about performances of ritual sacrifices to deities	92
61186671	upanishads	A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.	93
61186672	dharma	In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties	94
61186673	karma	In Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a person's fate in the next life	95
61186674	siddhartha gautama	founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha	96
61186675	four nobel truths	1) all human life involves suffering and sorrow 2) Desire for a life of pleasure material gain causes suffering 3) renouncing desires frees people from suffering, helps Nirvana 4). 8-fold path leads to reincarnation, or denial of desire + attainment of Nirvana	97
61186676	nirvana	in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment	98
61186677	mahayana	one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone	99
61186678	stupa	large stone mounds over the bones of Buddist holy people	100
61186679	theravada	The remaining orthodox school of Buddhism, which adheres closely to the earliest scriptures and emphasizes individual efforts to liberate the mind from suffering	101
61186680	bodhisattva	a Bodhisattva is anyone who is motivated by compassion and seeks enlightenment not only for him/herself but also for everyone	102
61186681	jainism	a religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics.	103
61186682	mahavira	is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana who established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism	104
61186683	kami	one the Shinto deities (including mythological beings, spirits of distinguished men, forces of nature)	105
61186684	tanakh	the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings	106
61186685	torah	holy book of judaism	107
61186686	abraham	founder of Judaism	108
61186687	diaspora	the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture)	109
61186688	augustine	influential church father and theologian; Bishop of Hippo; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination	110
61186689	arianism	early teaching of the church that was heretical by saying that Jesus was not God but created by God	111
61186690	clovis	under his rule, the Franks became Christians and created one of the strongest kingdoms in Europe	112
61186691	gregory I	Pope who broadened power of pope to include political power.	113
61186692	monasticism	a way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith(monk)	114
61186693	paul of tarsus	A Jew from Asia Minor that played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity. Paul never met Jesus but he had a vision one day of speaking to him.	115