Chapters 16-18 Flashcards

259336334	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese mariner; first European to reach India by sailing around the tip of Africa in 1498.	0
259336335	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator in the service of Aragon and Castile; sailed west to find a route to India and instead discovered the Americas in 1492.	1
259336336	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese captain in Spanish service; began the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim possession of the Philippines.	2
259336337	East India Companies	British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.	3
259336338	World economy	Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products.	4
259336339	Columbian Exchange	Interaction between Europe and the Americas; millions of Native Americans died of new diseases (smallpox) ; new world crops (potatoes, corn) spread to other world regions; European and Asian animals (horses, cattle) came to the Americas.	5
259336340	Lepanto	Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims.	6
259336341	Core nations	Nations, usually European, that profited from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials.	7
259336342	Dependent economic zones	Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials; dependent on European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor (ex. Brazil)	8
259336343	Vasco de Balboa	Began first Spanish settlement on Mesoamerican mainland in 1509. (modern Panama)	9
259336344	New France	French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down into the Mississippi River valley system. (including Quebec)	10
259336345	Atlantic colonies	British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia.	11
259336346	Treaty of Paris	Concluded in 1763 after the Seven Years War; Britain gained New France and ended France's importance in India.	12
259336347	Cape Colony	Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from the East Indies; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans.	13
259336348	Boers	Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th-century British occupation; later called Afrikaners.	14
259336349	Calcutta	British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal.	15
259336350	Seven Years War	Fought in Europe, Africa, and Asia between 1756 and 1763; the first worldwide war. (UK wins)	16
259336351	Cape of Good Hope	Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.	17
259336352	Mercantilism (Chapter 16)	Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe; possession of colonies important way to control trade	18
259336353	Mestizos	People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system.	19
259336354	Francisco Pizarro	Led conquest of Inca Empire beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to Spanish.	20
259336355	John Locke	English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants. (life, liberty, and property were key rights of people)	21
259336356	William Shakespeare	English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.	22
259336357	Italian Renaissance	14th- and 15th-century intellectual and cultural movement in Europe that challenged medieval values and instigated the modern age.	23
259336358	Niccolo Machiavelli	Author of The Prince, a realistic discussion of seizing and maintaining power.	24
259336359	Humanism	A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor / the philosophy of the Renaissance	25
259336360	Northern Renaissance	Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than in Italy	26
259336361	Francis I	King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor.	27
259336362	Johannes Gutenberg	Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials.	28
259336363	European-style family	Emerged in 15th century; involved later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family.	29
259336364	Martin Luther	German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith in place of Catholic sacraments for gaining salvation; rejected papal authority.	30
259336365	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517.	31
259336366	Anglican Church	Form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII.	32
259336367	Jean Calvin	French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva	33
259336368	Catholic Reformation	Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine.	34
259336369	Jesuits	Catholic religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe.	35
259336370	Edict of Nantes	Grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants	36
259336371	Thirty Years War	War from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction.	37
259336372	English Civil War	Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy.	38
259336373	Proletariat	Class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor	39
259336374	Witchcraft hysteria	17th-century European violence reflecting uncertainties about religion and about resentment against the poor; especially affected women.	40
259336375	Scientific Revolution	Process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture.	41
259336376	Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer; discredited Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe.	42
259336377	Galileo	Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.	43
259336378	William Harvey	English physician who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and the function of the heart as a pump.	44
259336379	René Descartes	Philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature.	45
259336380	Isaac Newton	English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity.	46
259336381	Deism	A concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion.	47
259336382	John Locke	English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; people had the right to overthrow tyrants.	48
259336383	Absolute monarchy	Concept of government developed during the rise of the nation-state in western Europe during the 17th century	49
259336384	Louis XIV	Late 17th- and early 18th-century French king who personified absolute monarchy.	50
259336385	Mercantilism (Chapter 17)	Economic theory that stressed government promotion of internal and international policies to strengthen the economic power / Colonies played a major role in promoting the "mother country"	51
259336386	Glorious Revolution	English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 that affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king.	52
259336387	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior.	53
259336388	Adam Smith	Established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces.	54
259336389	Mary Wollstonecraft	Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women.	55
259336390	Indulgences	Roman Catholic theological tenant for the remission of sins.	56
259336391	Predestination	The belief that God has ordained all events to come including those who were to be saved	57
259336392	Parliamentary monarchy	Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.	58
259336393	Frederick the Great	Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.	59
259336394	Ivan III (the Great)	Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar.	60
259336395	Third Rome	Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires.	61
259336396	Ivan IV (the Terrible)	Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.	62
259336397	Boyars	The Russian nobles.	63
259336398	Cossacks	Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia.	64
259336399	Time of Trouble	Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.	65
259336400	Romanov dynasty	Ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.	66
259336401	Old Believers	Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia.	67
259336402	Peter I (the Great)	Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models.	68
259336403	St. Petersburg	Baltic city that was made the new capital of Russia by Peter I.	69
259336404	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry.	70
259336405	Partition of Poland	Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland.	71
259336406	Pugachev rebellion	Unsuccessful peasant rising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and after	72
259336407	Westernization	Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture.	73
259336408	Serfdom	Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate.	74