AP World History Chapter 31 Flashcards

61995488	Andrew Jackson	(1767 - 1845) was the seventh president of the U.S. (1829-1837). He was governor of Florida (1821), and commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans (1815). A polarizing figure who dominated American politics in the 1820s and 1830s, his political ambition combined with widening political participation, shaping the modern Democratic party. His legacy is now seen as mixed, as a protector of popular democracy and individual liberty for white men, checkered by his support for slavery and Indian removal. Renowned for his toughness, he was nicknamed "Old Hickory." As he based his career in developing Tennessee, Jackson was the first president primarily associated with the American frontier	0
61995489	Abraham Lincoln	(1809-1865) He was the sixteenth president of the United States and against slavery. He became president in 1860 just before the civil war, however, slavery was ended threw the emancipation proclamation and the civil war was ended, all during his presidency.	1
61995490	John Macdonald	(1815-1891) He was the first prime minister of Canada and tried to incorporate all of British North America into the Dominion. He purchased huge Northwest Territories from the Hudson Bay Company in 1869 and he persuaded Manitoba, British Colombia, and Prince Edward Island to join the Dominion. He constructed a transcontinental railroad to bring unity to Canada, which was completed in 1885.	2
61995491	Benito Juarez	(1806-1872) president of Mexico who led La Reforma of the 1850s, which aimed to limit the power of the military and the Roman Catholic church in Mexican society. He struggled to establish order in his country and in 1861, conservatives forced his government out of Mexico. He then tried to lesson Mexico's financial woes by suspending loan payments to foreign countries which led to European intervention as to protect their investments in Mexico. Napoleon the III tried to bring Mexico under a dictatorship, but this failed. Juarez then restored semblance of liberal government.	3
61995492	Juan Manuel de Rosas	A caudillo who from 1835-1852 ruled an Argentina badly divided. He used his skills to subdue other caudillos and establish control in Buenos Aires. Then he called for regional autonomy, but he worked to centralize the government he usurped. Although he did quell rebellions, he did it in a bloody fashion, and for that he is ridiculed.	4
61995493	Porfirio Diaz	a dictorial general that ruled Mexico in 1876-1911; he made the most notable attempt to encourage industrialization; under his rule, railroad tracks and telegraph lines connected all parts of Mexico, and the production of mineral resources surged; middle-class Mexicans joined with peasants and workers to overthrow him in the Mexican revolution (1911-1920)	5
61995494	Emiliano Zapata	lived 1879-1919; a revolutionary leader, charismatic agrarian rebel, and the son of a mestizo peasant; he and Francisco Villa organized massive armies fighting for land and liberty; they embodied the ideals and aspirations of the indigenous Mexican masses and enjoyed tremendous popular support; Zapata confiscated hacienda lands and began distributing the lands to the peasants	6
61995495	Louis Riel	lived 1844-1885; he emerged as the leader of the métis and indigenous peoples of western Canada; he assumed the presidency of a provisional government in 1870; he led his troops in capturing Fort Garry; in 1885, he organized a military force of métis and native peoples and led the Northwest Rebellion; government authorities executed him for treason	7
61995496	Louisiana Purchase	occurred in 1803 when Napoleon Bonaparte needed funds immediately to protect revolutionary France from its enemies, allowing the United States to purchase France's Louisiana Territory (from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains), doubling the size of the United States	8
61995497	Manifest Destiny	term that Americans spoke of claiming to occupy all of North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean	9
61995498	The Trail of Tears	1838-1839; the distressing 800-mile migration from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma by the Cherokees; thousands of Cherokees died from disease, starvation, and relocation difficulties	10
61995499	Mexican-American War	1846-1848; ultimately caused by the decision of the United States to consolidate its hold on Texas, against vigorous Mexican protest; US forces inflicted a punishing defeat on the Mexican army	11
61995500	Emancipation Proclamation	signed by Abraham Lincoln on the 1st of January 1863; it made the abolition of slavery an explicit goal of the US Civil War	12
61995501	Dawes Act	also the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; it shifted land policies away from collective tribal reservations and toward individual tracts of land meant to promote the family farms once common in white US society	13
61995502	Caudillos	regional military leaders; division and discord in the newly independent states helped them come to power in much of Latin America	14
61995503	La Reforma (of the 1850s)	a liberal reform movement that aimed to limit the power of the military and the Roman Catholic church in Mexican society; its ideals were set forth by the Constitution of 1857; it guaranteed universal male suffrage and other civil liberties like freedom of speech	15
61995504	Northwest Rebellion	an insurrection led by Louis Riel with a military force of métis and native peoples; it did not turn out successful when Canadian forces subdued the makeshift army	16
61995505	Gauchos	Argentinean cowboys known for their bravery and independence; most of them were mestizos or castizos; gaucho society acquired an ethnic egalitarianism (social equality)	17
61995506	Golondrinas	"swallows"; relates to the Italian workers that settled permanently in Latin America; they regularly migrated between Europe and South America to take advantage of different growing seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres	18
61995507	Edmund Cartwright	a clergyman responsible for creating a water-driven power loom that inaugurated an era of mechanical weaving (from Chapter 30)	19