Chapter 7 Flashcards

84940147	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire.	0
84940148	al-Rashid, Harun	Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependant of Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession.	1
84940149	Kabir	Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between HInduism and Islam.	2
84940150	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports.	3
84940151	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women.	4
84940152	bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu.	5
84940153	sati	Ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands.	6
84940154	ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking.	7
84940155	Muhammad of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Inuds valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control.	8
84940156	Hulegu	Ruler of the Ilkhan (ilkhan) khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad.	9
84940157	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India.	10
84940158	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; capture Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph.	11
84940159	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.	12
84940160	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resisted to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.	13
84940161	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy.	14
84940162	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance.	15
84940163	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasid as figureheads.	16
84940164	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations: strong, weak, dissolute.	17
84940165	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch SUnnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century.	18
84940166	Mahmud of Ghazni	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intorlerance and aggression.	19
84940167	Shah-Nama	Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests.	20
84940168	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam.	21
84940169	al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problems of succession.	22
84940170	Sufis	Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions.	23