Ch 23 Terms Flashcards

157118082	population revolution	Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent	0
157118083	French Revolution	Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe	1
157118084	radical	Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes	2
157118085	Belgian Revolution	Revolution of 1830; produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a liberal constitutional monarchy	3
157118086	Industrial Revolution	Series of changes in economy of Western Europe between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production	4
157118087	factory system	Not to be confused with the fortified ports of the commercial revolution; intensification of processes of production at single sites during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and firmer discipline	5
157118088	Benjamin Disraeli	Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics	6
157118089	American Civil War	Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South	7
157118090	revisionism	Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions	8
157118091	Charles Darwin	Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival	9
157118092	Albert Einstein	Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity	10
157118093	Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements	11
157118094	protoindustrialization	Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution	12
157118095	Louis XVI	Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution	13
157118096	nationalism	Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe in the 19th century; often allied with one of other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin	14
157118097	Reform Bill of 1832	Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain	15
157118098	James Watt	Devised a steam engine in 1770s during the Industrial Revolution that could be used for production; steam engine was utilized in textile industries, mining, and railroads	16
157118099	Luddites	Workers in Britain (1810-1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd	17
157118100	Otto von Bismarck	Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes	18
157118101	Karl Marx	German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship	19
157118102	feminist movement	Joke; sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s	20
157118103	Romanticism	Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection	21
157118104	Triple Entente	Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I	22
157118105	American Revolution	Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America	23
157118106	guillotine	Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror	24
157118107	Greek Revolution	Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans	25
157118108	liberal	Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments	26
157118109	demographic transition	Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Western Europe and U.S. in late 19th century	27
157118110	Chartist movement	Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed	28
157118111	Napoleon Bonaparte	Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and established the French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815	29
157118112	mass leisure culture	An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports	30
157118113	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician (19th-20th centuries); developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses; SEX ADDICT!	31
157118114	Triple Alliance	Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I	32
157118115	French Revolution of 1830	Second rebellion against Bourbon monarchy; essentially a liberal movement resulting in the creation of a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy	33
157118116	Revolutions of 1848	Generally refers to those nationalist and liberal movements within France, Germany, and the Habsburg Empire, specifically in Italy, Austria, and Hungary; after temporary success, the revolutions failed	34
157118117	Louis Pasteur	Discoverer of germs; discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by the 1880s	35
157118118	Count Camillo di Cavour	Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king	36
157118119	social question	Issues relating to repressed classes in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870	37