World History AP 11-15 Flashcards
Stearns textbook, page # are wrong
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| 115202874 | bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. (p. 279) | 0 | |
| 115202875 | shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children. (p. 281) | 1 | |
| 115202876 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam. (p. 281) | 2 | |
| 115202877 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam. (p. 281) | 3 | |
| 115202878 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra). (p. 281) | 4 | |
| 115202879 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca. (p. 281) | 5 | |
| 115202880 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. (p. 281) | 6 | |
| 115202881 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 c.e. and thereafter; died in 632. (p. 277) | 7 | |
| 115202882 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is. (p. 285) | 8 | |
| 115202883 | Khadijah | (595-619) First wife of the prophet Muhammad who had worked for her as a trader (p.243) | 9 | |
| 115202884 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam. (p. 277) | 10 | |
| 115202885 | umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity. (p. 286) | 11 | |
| 115202886 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims. (p. 286) | 12 | |
| 115202887 | five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. (p. 286) | 13 | |
| 115202888 | hajj | Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba. (p. 287) | 14 | |
| 115202889 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. (p. 245) | 15 | |
| 115202890 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community. (p. 288) | 16 | |
| 115202891 | caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad. (p. 288) | 17 | |
| 115202892 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam. (p. 288) | 18 | |
| 115202893 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. (p. 335) | 19 | |
| 115202894 | jihad | Islamic holy war. (p. 288) | 20 | |
| 115202895 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions. (p. 488) | 21 | |
| 115202896 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party. (p. 290) | 22 | |
| 115202897 | Damascus | Capital of Umayyad caliphate. (p. 290) | 23 | |
| 115202898 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'i resistance to Umayyad caliphate. (p. 290) | 24 | |
| 115202899 | Mu'awiya | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali. (p. 290) | 25 | |
| 115202900 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites. Political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali. (p. 290) | 26 | |
| 115202901 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam; followers of the Umayyads. (p. 290) | 27 | |
| 115202902 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan. (p. 290) | 28 | |
| 115202903 | dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus. (p. 291) | 29 | |
| 115202904 | hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad. (p. 292) | 30 | |
| 115202905 | jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories. (p. 291) | 31 | |
| 115202906 | mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam. (p. 291) | 32 | |
| 115202907 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 c.e. (p. 295) | 33 | |
| 115202908 | Battle of River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital. (p. 294) | 34 | |
| 115202909 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon. (p. 295) | 35 | |
| 115202910 | wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire. (p. 295) | 36 | |
| 115202911 | dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design. (p. 297) | 37 | |
| 115202912 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. (p. 298) | 38 | |
| 115202913 | lateen | Triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship (p.260) | 39 | |
| 115202914 | al-Mahdi | Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'is to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession. (p. 306) | 40 | |
| 115202915 | Harun al-Rashid | Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession. (p. 307) | 41 | |
| 115202916 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under name of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads. (p. 310) | 42 | |
| 115202917 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy. (pp. 310, 382) | 43 | |
| 115202918 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam. (p. 310) | 44 | |
| 115202919 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century. (p. 310) | 45 | |
| 115202920 | Ibn Khaldun | A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations-strong, weak, dissolute. (pp. 95, 311) | 46 | |
| 115202921 | Shah-Nama | Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests. (p. 313) | 47 | |
| 115202922 | ulama | Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking. (p. 315) | 48 | |
| 115202923 | al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Quranic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama. (p. 315) | 49 | |
| 115202924 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world. (pp. 95, 317) | 50 | |
| 115202925 | Hulegu | Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad. (p. 488) | 51 | |
| 115202926 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance. (pp. 317, 488) | 52 | |
| 115202927 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph. (p. 317) | 53 | |
| 115202928 | Sufis | Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia. (p. 315) | 54 | |
| 115202929 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Third ruler of dynasty; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression. (p. 321) | 55 | |
| 115202930 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire. (p. 320) | 56 | |
| 115202931 | Muhammad of Ghur | Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control. (p. 322) | 57 | |
| 115202932 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India. (p. 322) | 58 | |
| 115202933 | bhaktic cults | Groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu. (p. 324) | 59 | |
| 115202934 | Kabir | Muslim Mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam. (p. 324) | 60 | |
| 115202935 | Mira Bai | (1498-1547) Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women (p.276) | 61 | |
| 115202936 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion. (p. 325) | 62 | |
| 115202937 | Demak | Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports. (p. 326) | 63 | |
| 115202938 | Malacca | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands. (p. 326) | 64 | |
| 115202939 | stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states. (p. 333) | 65 | |
| 115202940 | Almohadis | A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa. (p. 334) | 66 | |
| 115202941 | Ifriqiya | The Arabic term for eastern North Africa. (p. 334) | 67 | |
| 115202942 | Maghrib | The Arabic word for western North Africa. (p. 334) | 68 | |
| 115202943 | griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire. (p. 338) | 69 | |
| 115202944 | Ibn Batuta | Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records. (p. 337) | 70 | |
| 115202945 | juula | Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa. (p. 337) | 71 | |
| 115202946 | Sundiata | The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260. (p. 337) | 72 | |
| 115202947 | Hausa states | Combined Muslim and pagan traditions; emerged following the demise of Songhay Empire among the Hausa peoples of northern Nigeria, based on cities such as Kano. (p. 340) | 73 | |
| 115202948 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali (1464-1492). (p. 340) | 74 | |
| 115202949 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university. (p. 339) | 75 | |
| 115202950 | Muhammad the Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century. (p. 340) | 76 | |
| 115202951 | Sharia | Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance. (p. 341) | 77 | |
| 115202952 | Zanj | Arabic term for the East African coast. (pp. 298) | 78 | |
| 115202953 | demography | The study of population. (p. 344) | 79 | |
| 115202954 | Demographic Transition | The change from a high birth rate and high infant mortality to low rates, as in western Europe and U.S. in late 19th century. (p. 345) | 80 | |
| 115202955 | Benin | A large and powerful kingdom of West Africa near the coast (in present-day Nigeria) which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; remained an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century. (p. 347) | 81 | |
| 115202956 | Kongo | Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy. (p. 348) | 82 | |
| 115202957 | Great Zimbabwe | Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa. (p. 342) | 83 | |
| 115202958 | Belisarius | One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in North Africa and in Italy. (p. 356) | 84 | |
| 115202959 | Hagia Sophia | New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian. (p. 355) | 85 | |
| 115202960 | Bulgaria | Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire; defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014. (p. 357) | 86 | |
| 115202961 | Greek fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople. (p. 357) | 87 | |
| 115202962 | Cyril | Along with Methodius, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic. (p. 364) | 88 | |
| 115202963 | Methodius | Along with Cyril, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic. (p. 364) | 89 | |
| 115202964 | Kiev | Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. (p. 366) | 90 | |
| 115202965 | Rurik | Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 c.e. (p. 366) | 91 | |
| 115202966 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments. (p. 366) | 92 | |
| 115202967 | Vladimir I | Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity. (p. 366) | 93 | |
| 115202968 | Yaroslav | Last of great Kievan monarchs; issued legal codification based on formal codes developed in Byzantium. (p. 367) | 94 | |
| 115202969 | iconoclasm | Religious controversy within the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons; literally "breaking of images"; after long struggle, icon veneration was restored. (p. 361) | 95 | |
| 115202970 | icons | Images of religious figures that became objects of veneration within Christianity of the Byzantine Empire; particularly prevalent in Eastern monasticism. (p. 361) | 96 | |
| 115202971 | boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe. (p. 714) | 97 | |
| 115202972 | Tatars | Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact. (p. 368) | 98 | |
| 115202973 | Middle Ages | The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century. (p. 396) | 99 | |
| 115202974 | manorialism | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land. (p. 376) | 100 | |
| 115202975 | moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system. (p. 376) | 101 | |
| 115202976 | serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages. (p. 376) | 102 | |
| 115202977 | three-field system | System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow. (p. 376) | 103 | |
| 115202978 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark and Norway that disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries. (p. 376) | 104 | |
| 115202979 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century. (p. 377) | 105 | |
| 115202980 | Clovis | Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom. (p. 377) | 106 | |
| 115202981 | Martel | Charles,Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. (p. 377) | 107 | |
| 115202982 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800. (p. 377) | 108 | |
| 115202983 | Holy Roman emperors | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany. (p. 378) | 109 | |
| 115202984 | vassals | Members of the military elite in the Middle Ages who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. (p. 380) | 110 | |
| 115202985 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. (p. 381) | 111 | |
| 115202986 | Hundred Years' War | Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states. (p. 382) | 112 | |
| 115202987 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. (p. 381) | 113 | |
| 115202988 | parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France. (p. 381) | 114 | |
| 115202989 | three estates | Typical social organization of Middle Ages after 10th century; included military nobility, clergy, and ordinary people. (p. 381) | 115 | |
| 115202990 | Urban II | Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. (p. 382) | 116 | |
| 115202991 | Gregory VII | Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture. (p. 383) | 117 | |
| 115202992 | investiture | Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. (p. 383) | 118 | |
| 115202993 | Abelard | Peter,Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. (p. 385) | 119 | |
| 115202994 | Aquinas | Thomas,Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God. (p. 386) | 120 | |
| 115202995 | Bernard of Clairvaux | (1090-1153) Emphasized role of faith in prefernce to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had hm driven from the universities (p.332) | 121 | |
| 115202996 | scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems. (p. 386) | 122 | |
| 115202997 | Gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls. (p. 387) | 123 | |
| 115202998 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. (p.390) | 124 | |
| 115202999 | guilds | Sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities. (p. 391) | 125 | |
| 115203000 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. (p. 395) | 126 |