Chapter 1 Flashcards

114611818	hunting and gathering	used as a means for food; popular until 9000 BCE; helped propel migration over most of the lands on earth	0
114611819	Paleolithic/Old Stone Age	ending in 12,000 BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	1
114611820	Neolithic/New Stone Age	between 8000 and 5000 BCE; period in which adaption of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
114611821	prehistory	Stone Ages; discoveries during this time are still essential to human life ex: fire, tools	3
114611822	metalworking	discovery of metal tools 4000 BCE; process of making tools and weapons from metal	4
114611823	Neolithic Revolution	The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 BCE	5
114611824	culture	systems of belief that helped explain the environment and set up rules for various kinds of social behavior	6
114611825	Catal Huyuk	Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification	7
114611826	bands	a level of social organization normally consisting of 20-30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis	8
114611827	Bronze Age	From about 4000 BCE, when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 BCE, when iron began to replace it	9
114611828	Civilization	societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups	10
114611829	slash and burn	a system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted	11
114611830	nomads	cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	12
114611831	Homo sapiens	the humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period	13
114611832	river-valley civilizations	civilizations that formed near rivers around 3500 BCE in the Middle East, Egypt, northwestern China, and northwestern India	14
114611833	Tigris-Euphrates civilization	first civilization; formed along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia; started completely from scratch with no influence from any other civilization; invented the wheel, were skilled in metalworking, farming, pottery and artistic forms	15
114611834	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states	16
114611835	domestication	taming pigs, sheep, goats, cattle and the like and raising them to later be used for meat, skins, and milk	17
114611836	Egyptian civilization	formed by 3000 BCE along the Nile River; influenced by Mesopotamia's trade and technology; had a pharaoh and stayed a unified state for most of its history	18
114611837	Indian River civilization	a civilization that developed on the Indus River and had trading contacts with Mesopotamia and developed their own alphabet and artistic forms; Indo-European migrants combined their religious and political ideas with those of these early cities	19
114611838	Chinese River Valley civilization	formed along the Huanghe River; organized state; regulated irrigation; produced advanced technology and an elaborate intellectual life; learned to ride horses, were skilled in pottery, used bronze, iron, and coal and produced writing using ideographic symbols	20
114611839	Shang Dynasty	First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 BCE	21
114611840	Jews	a Semitic people influenced by Babylonian civilization; settled near the Mediterranean 1200 BCE; gave the world the first clearly developed monotheistic religion	22
114611841	cultural diffusion	the way a trait, object, idea, or behavior pattern is spread from one society to another	23
114611842	cuneiform	a form of writing developed by Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	24
114611843	Mesopotamia	literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys	25
114611844	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes	26
114611845	city-states	a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	27
114611846	Babylonians	extended their empire and helped bring civilization to other parts of the Middle east; conquered the Akkadians	28
114611847	Hammurabi	(r. 1792- 1750 BCE) the most important ruler of the Babylonian Empire; responsible for codification of law	29
114611848	pharaoh	the king of Egyptian civilization who held much power	30
114611849	pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	31
114611850	Kush	an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	32
114611851	Harappa	along with Mohenjodara, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	33
114611852	Mohenjo-Daro	along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harrappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	34
114611853	Huang He	river in China that a civilization flourished in relative isolation and later flowed into the Chinese civilization that followed it	35
114611854	ideographic symbols	Chinese writing that progressed from scratches of lines on bone	36
114611855	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	37
114611856	monotheism	the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization	38