Chap15-17 Flashcards

57985753	zheng he	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)	0
57985754	arawak	Amerindian peoples who inabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. The were forced to do labor for the Spaniards eventually.	1
57985755	Henry the navigator	(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425)	2
57985756	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)	3
57985757	Gold Coast	Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)	4
57985758	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)	5
57985759	vasco da gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)	6
57985760	christoper columbus	from Spain (born in Italy), went to San Salvador, discovered America, claimed islands (Hispanola)	7
57985761	Ferdinand magellan	(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.	8
57985762	Conquistadors	Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cort?s, Hern?n; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)	9
57985763	Hernan Cortes	Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437)	10
57985764	Moctezuma 2	Aztec ruler during Spanish attack	11
57985765	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)	12
57985766	Atahulpa	was the Incan ruler when the Spanish came to conquer the civilization, defeated his king half-brother and held him hostage, some of his brothers followers turned to the Spanish side	13
57985767	Renaissance	The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history	14
57985768	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)	15
57985769	Indulgence	The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. (p. 446)	16
57985770	Protestant Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)	17
57985771	Catholic Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)	18
57985772	Witch hunt	[n.] 1) in Puritan times, a search for supposed witches within the community; 2) today, a political campaign launched on the pretext of investigating activities subversive to the state.	19
57985773	Scientific Revolution	an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method	20
57985774	Enlightenment	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions	21
57985775	Bourgeoisis	middle class	22
57985776	Joint stock company	A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.	23
57985777	Stock exchange	A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. (p. 460)	24
57985778	gentry	people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility	25
57985779	Little ice age	A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462)	26
57985780	Deforestation	destruction of forests	27
57985781	Holy Roman empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)	28
57985782	Habsburg	A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)	29
57985783	english civil war	civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648	30
57985784	Versailles	Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.	31
57985785	Balance of power	distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong	32
57985786	Columbian exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472)	33
57985787	Council of the Indies	The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilites.	34
57985788	Bartolome de las Casas	First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476	35
57985789	Potosi	Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)	36
57985790	Encomienda	Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner, but had their own land to work as well.	37
57985791	Creoles	In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)	38
57985792	Mestizo	The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)	39
57985793	Mulatto	The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484)	40
57985794	Indentured servant	Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America	41
57985795	House of Burgesses	the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.	42
57985796	Pilgrims	Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487)	43
57985797	Puritans	Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.	44
57985798	Iroquois Confederacy	An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)	45
57985799	New France	French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)	46
57985800	Coureurs de bois	(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)	47
57985801	Tupac Amaru II	Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. (p. 493)	48