AP ch.1 Flashcards

8555326	Hunting and gathering	means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organizations.	0
8555327	Civilization	societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups.	1
8555328	Paleolithic	the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence.	2
8555329	Neolithic	the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C. E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished.	3
8555330	Nomads	cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies.	4
8555331	"Savages"	societies engaged in either hunting and gathering for subsistence or in migratory cultivation; not as stratified or specialized as civilized and nomadic societies.	5
8555332	Culture	combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction.	6
8555333	Homo sapiens	the species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of Paleolithic.	7
8555334	Neanderthals	species of genus homo that disappeared at the end of the Paleolithic.	8
8555335	Band	a level of social organization normally consisting of between 20 and 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis.	9
8555336	Agrarian revolution	occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture.	10
8555337	Natufian complex	pre-agricultural culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced collection of wild barley and wheat to supplement game; large settlement sites.	11
8555338	Matrilocal	a culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the bride's family.	12
8555339	Matrilineal	family descent and inheritance traced through the female line.	13
8555340	Pastoralism	a nomadic agricultural life-style based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies.	14
8555341	Mesopotamia	literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys.	15
8555342	Potter's wheel	a technological advance in pottery making; invented ca. 6000 B.C.E; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery product.	16
8555343	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia ca. 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within region; organized area into city-states.	17
8555344	Cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.	18
8555345	City-State	a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamia civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban- based king.	19
8555346	Yahweh	the single god of the Hebrews; constructed a covenant with Jews as his chosen people.	20
8555347	Monotheism	the exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization.	21
8555348	Epic of Gilgamesh	the first literary epic; written down ca. 2000 B.C.E.; introduced story of the Great Flood.	22
8555349	Ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections.	23
8555350	Animism	a religious outlook that recognizes gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions.	24
8555351	Sargon I of Akkad	ruler of city-state of Akkad; established the first empire in Mesopotamian civilization ca. 2400 B.C.E.	25
8555352	Babylonian Empire	unified all of Mesopotamia ca. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion ca. 1600 B.C.E.	26
8555353	Hammurabi	the most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law.	27
8555354	Aknenaton	Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted to establish monotheistic religion replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon gods.	28
8555355	Pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	29
8555356	Mummification	act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife.	30
8555357	Hieroglyphs	form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more practical than Mesopotamian cuneiform.	31
8555358	Patriarcal	societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based upon the assumption that mean naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life.	32
8555359	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile ca. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	33
8555360	Minoans	a civilization that developed on Crete ca. 1600 B.C.E.; capital at the palace complex of Knossos.	34
8555361	Mycenae	the 1st civilization to emerge on the Greek mainland; destroyed ca. 1000 B.C.E.	35
8555362	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.	36
8555363	Hittites	an Indo-European people who entered Mesopotamia ca. 1750 B.C.E; destroyed the Babylonian Empire; swept away ca. 1200 B.C.E.	37
8555364	Huanghe or Yellow river basin	site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China.	38
8555365	Mesoamerica	Mexico and Central America; along with Peru, site of development of sedentary agriculture in western hemisphere.	39
8555366	Jericho	early walled urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Israel-occupied West Bank near Jordan River.	40
8555367	Catal Huyuk	early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification.	41
8555368	Bronze Age	from 4000 to 3000 B.C.E; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of the wheeled vehicles, writing.	42